[194] Dom Bouquet, XI. 497-8.--Bernardi Serm. in Cantica LXIV. c. 8; LXVI. c. 12.--Alex. PP. III. Epistt. 118, 122.--Pet. Cantor. Verb.

abbrev. c. 78, 80.

[195] Concil. Turonens. ann. 1163 c. 4.--Trithem. Chron. Hirsaug. ann.

1163.--Concil. Remens. ann. 1157 c. 1.--Guillel. de Newburg Hist. Angl.

ii. 15.--Innoc. III. Regest. I. 94, 165.--Contre le Franc-Alleu sans Tiltre, Paris, 1629, pp. 215 sqq.--H. Mutii Chron. Lib. XIX. ann.

1212.--Bohmer, Regesta Imperii V. 110.--Muratori Antiq. Ital. Diss. LX.

(T. XII. p. 447).--Hist. Diplom. Frid. II. T. II. pp. 6-8, 422-3; IV.

301; V. 201.--Const.i.tt. Sicular. Lib. I. t.i.t. 1.--Treuga Henrici (Bohlau, Nove Const.i.t. Dom. Alberti, Weimar, 1858, p. 78, cf. Bohmer Regest. V. 700).--Sachsenspiegel, II. xiii.--Schwabenspiegel, cap. 116 No. 29; cap. 351 No. 3 (Ed. Senckenb.).--Archivio di Venezia, Codice ex Brera No. 277.--El Fuero real de Espana, Lib. IV. t.i.t. I. ley 1.--Isambert, Anc. Loix Francaises I. 230-33, 257.--Harduin. Concil.

VII. 203-8.--etabliss.e.m.e.nts, Lib. I. ch. 85.--Livres de Jostice et de Plet, Liv. I. t.i.t. iii. -- 7.--Beaumanoir, Cout. du Beauvoisis, XI. 2, x.x.x. 11.--2 Henry IV. c. 15 (cf. Pike, History of Crime in England I.

343-4, 489).

It is true that both Bracton (De Legibus Angliae Lib. III. Tract ii. cap.

9 -- 2) and Horne (Myrror of Justice, cap. I. -- 4, cap. II. -- 22, cap.

IV. -- 14) describe the punishment of burning for apostasy, heresy, and sorcery, and the former alludes to a case in which a clerk who embraced Judaism was burned by a council of Oxford, but the penalty substantially had no place in the common law, save under the systematizing efforts of legal writers, enamoured of the Roman jurisprudence, and seeking to complete their work by the comparison of treason against G.o.d with that against the king. The silence of Britton (chap. VIII.) and of the Fleta (Lib. I. cap. 21) shows that the question had no practical importance.

[196] Caesar. Heisterbac. Dial. Miracular. Dist. v. c. 33.--Mosaic. et Roman. Legg. Collat. t.i.t. XV. -- 3 (Hugo, 1465).--Const. 3 Cod. IX.

18.--Ca.s.siodor. Variar. IV., XXII., XXIII.--Gregor. PP. I. Dial. I.

4.--Gloss. Hostiensis in Cap. _ad abolendam_, No. 11, 13 (Eymerici Direct. Inquisit. pp. 149-150); cf. Gloss. Joan. Andreae (Ibid. p.

170-1).--Repertorium Inquisitorum s. v. _Comburi_ (Ed. Valent. 1494; Ed.

Venet. 1588, pp. 127-8).

[197] Concil. Autissiodor. ann. 578 c. 33.--C. Matiscon. II. ann. 585 c.

19.--C. 30 Decreti P. II. Caus. xxiii. Quaest. 8.--C. Lateran. IV. ann.

1215 c. 18.--C. Burdegalens. ann. 1255 c. 10.--C. Budens. ann. 1268 c.

11.--C. Nugaroliens. ann. 1303 c. 13.--C. Baiocens. ann. 1300 c.

34.--Lib. Sentt. Inq. Tolosan. p. 208.--Bernard. Guidonis Practica (MSS.

Bib. Nat., Coll. Doat, T. x.x.x. fol. 1. sqq.).

[198] Honor. Augustod. Summ. Glor. de Apost. c. 5.--Ivon. Decret. IX.

70-79.--Gratiani Decret. P. II. Caus. xxiii. q. 5.--Radevic. de Gest.

Frid. I. Lib. II. c. 56.--Concil. Lateran. II. ann. 1139 c. 23.--Concil.

Lateran. III. ann. 1179 c. 27 (cf. C. Tolosan. ann. 1119 c. 3; C.

Remens. ann. 1148 c. 18; C. Turonens. ann. 1163 c. 4).--Lucii. PP. III.

Epist. 171.

[199] Bohmer, Regest. Imp. V. 86.--Innocent. PP. III. Regest. de Negot.

Rom. Imp. 189.--Muratori Antiq. Ital. Dissert. III.--Hartzheim Concil.

German. III. 540.--Cod. Epist. Rodolphi I. Auct. II. pp. 375-7 (Lipsiae 1806).--Theod. Vrie, Hist. Concil. Constant. Lib. III. Dist. 8; Lib.

VII. Dist. 7.--Thom. Aquin. de Principum Regimine Lib. I. c. xiv.; Lib.

III. c. x., xiii.-xviii.--Lib. v. Extra. t.i.t. vii. c. 13 -- 3.--Concil.

Tolosan. ann. 1229 c. 5.--Concil. Narbonn. ann. 1244 c. 15, 16.--Zanchini de Haeret. c. v.--Beaumanoir, Coutumes du Beauvoisis, XI.

27.--See also the sermon of the Bishop of Lodi at the condemnation of Huss, Von der Hardt, III. 5.

The treatise "De principum regimine," though not wholly by St. Thomas Aquinas, was the authoritative exponent of the ecclesiastical theory as to the structure and duties of government. See Poole"s "Ill.u.s.trations of the History of Medieval Thought," p. 240.

[200] Post. Const. 4, Cod. Lib. I. t.i.t. v.--Post. Libb. Feudorum.--Lib.

Juris Civilis Veronae c. 156.--Schwabenspiegel, Ed. Senckenb. cap. 351; Ed. Schilteri c. 308.--Potthast Regesta No. 6593.--Innoc. PP. IV. Bull.

_c.u.m adversus_, 5 Jun. 1252; Bull. _Ad aures_, 2 Apr. 1253; 31 Oct.

1243; 7 Julii 1254.--Bull. _c.u.m fratres_, Maii 9 1252.--Urbani. IV.

Bull. _Licet ex omnibus_, 1262 -- 12.--Wadding Annal. Minor ann. 1258, No. 7; ann. 1260, No. 1; ann. 1261, No. 3.--c. 6 s.e.xto v. 2 c. 1, 2 in Septimo v. 3.--Von der Hardt, T. IV. p. 1519.--Campana, Vita di San Piero Martire, p. 124.--De Maistre, Lettres a un Gentilhomme Russe sur l"Inquisition Espagnole, Ed. 1864, _pp._ 17-18, 28, 34.

A thirteenth-century writer argued the matter more directly than De Maistre--"Papa noster non occidit, nec praecipit aliquem occidi, sed lex occidit quos papa permitt.i.t occidi, et ipsi se occidunt qui ea faciunt unde debeant occidi."--Gregor. Fanens. Disput. Cathol. et Patar.

(Martene Thesaur. V. 1741).

More historically true is the a.s.sertion of an enthusiastic Dominican in 1782, who, after quoting Deut. XIII. 6-10, declares that its command to slay without mercy all who entice the faithful from the true religion is almost literally the law of the holy Inquisition; and who proceeds to prove from Scripture that fire is the peculiar delight of G.o.d, and the proper means of purifying the wheat from the tares.--Lob u. Ehrenrede auf die heilige Inquisition, Wien, 1782, pp. 19-21.

The hypocritical plea for mercy was commenced in good faith by Innocent III. in the case of clerks guilty of forgery who were degraded and delivered to the secular courts.--c. 27 Extra v. 40.

[201] Urbani PP. II. Epist. 256.--Zanchini de Haeret. c. xviii.--Innoc.

PP. III. Regest. XI. 26.--Lucae Tudens. de altera Vita II 9.

[202] S. Raymundi Summae Lib. I. t.i.t. v. ---- 2, 4, 8; t.i.t. VI. -- 1.--This continued to be the doctrine of the Church. Zanghino Ugolini includes in his enumeration of heresies neglect to observe the papal decretals, being an apparent contempt for the power of the keys (Tract. de Haeret.

c. ii.). This authoritative work was printed in Rome, 1568, at the expense of Pius V., with a commentary by Cardinal Campeggi, and was reprinted with additions by Simancas in 1579. My references are made to a transcript from a fifteenth-century MS. of the original in the Bibliotheque Nationale, fonds latin, 12532.

[203] S. Thom. Aquinat. Summae Sec. Sec. Q. XI. art. 3, 4.

[204] Cypriani Epist. I.--Chrysost. Hom. de Anathemate.--Leon PP. I.

Epist. 108 c. 2.--Gelasii PP. I. Epistt. 4, 11.--Concil. Roman. II. ann.

494.--Evagrii H.E. Lib. IV. c. 38.--Vigilii Const.i.t. de Tribus Capitulis.--Facundi Epist. in Defens. Trium Capitt.--Concil.

Constantinop. II. ann. 553 Collat. VII.--Concil. Hispalens. II. ann. 618 c. 5.--Concil. Constantinop. III. ann. 680 Tom. XII.-Jaffe Regesta, 303.--Synod. Roman. ann. 898 c. 1.--Chron. Turonens. (Martene Ampliss.

Collect. V. 978-80).--Ivon. Carnotens. Epist. 96; Ejusd. Panorm. Lib. v.

c. 115-123.--Lucii PP. III. Epist. 171.--Lib. v. Extra t.i.t. vii. c.

13.--Gratian. Decret. II. Caus. XI. Q. iii. c. 36, 37, 38.--F. Pegnae Comment. in Eymerici Direct. Inquis. p. 95.--Innocent. PP. III. Regest.

IX. 213.--Lib. III. Extra t.i.t. xxviii. c. 12.--Lib. v. in s.e.xto t.i.t. i.

c. 2.--Eymeric. Direct. Inquis. p. 104.

[205] Hist. Diplom. Frid. II. Introd. pp. cdlx.x.xviii., cdxcvi.; II. 6-8, 422-3; IV. 409-11, 435-6; V. 459-60.--Fazelli de Reb. Siculis Decad. II.

Lib. viii.--Alberic. T. Font. Chron. ann. 1228.--Raynald. Annal. ann.

1220, No. 23.--Richard de S. Germano Chron. ann. 1233.

[206] Mr. John Fiske has developed the contrast between the military and industrial spirit and the theory of corporate responsibility with his accustomed admirable clearness in his "Excursions of an Evolutionist,"

Essays VIII. and IX.

The theory of solidarity is clearly expressed in Zanghino"s remark "Quia in omnes fert injuriam quod in divinam religionem committatur" (Tract.

de Haeres. c. xi.).

[207] Ademari S. Cibardi Hist. Lib. III. c. 36.--Dooms of aethelstan, III. vi. (Thorpe, I. 219).--Bracton. Lib. III. Tract, i. c. 6.--Legg.

Villae de Arkes -- 26. (D"Achery III. 608).--Hist. Diplom. Frid. II.

Introd. p. cxcvi.; IV. 444.--G.o.defrid. S. Pantal. Annal. ann.

1233.--Fazelli de Reb. Siculis Decad. II. Lib. viii. p. 442.--Isambert.

Anc. Loix Franc. I. 295.--Legg. Opstalbom. ---- 3, 4.--Treuga Henrici c.

1224 (Bohlau, Nove Const.i.tut. Dom. Alberti, Weimar, 1858, pp.

76-77).--Registre Criminel du Chatelet de Paris, _pa.s.sim_ (Paris, 1861).--Beaumanoir, Coutumes du Beauvoisis, c. 30, No. 12.--Antiqua Duc.u.m Mediolan. Decreta, pp. 187-88 (Mediolani, 1654).--Legg. Capital.

Caroli V. c. 103-197 (Goldast. Const.i.tt. Imp. III. 537-55).--London Athenaeum, Mar. 15, 1873, p. 338.--R. Christian. V. Jur. Danic. art.

7.--Willenburgii de Except. et Pnis Cleric, p. 41 (Jenae, 1740).--5 Henry IV. c. 5.--Description of Britaine, Bk. III. c. 6 (Holinshed"s Chronicles Ed. 1577 I. 106).--London Athenaeum, 1885 No. 3024, p. 466.

It has seemed to me, however, that a sensible increase in the severity of punishment is traceable after the thirteenth century, and I am inclined to attribute this to the influence exercised by the Inquisition over the criminal jurisprudence of Europe.