[345] Alex. PP. IV. Bull. _Cupientes_, 15 Apr. 1255.--Ejusd. Bull. _Prae cunctis_, 9 Nov. 1256.--Urbani PP. IV. Bull. _Licet ex omnibus_, -- 10, 1262 (Mag. Bull. Rom. I. 122).--Bern. Guidon. Practica P. IV. (Doat, x.x.x.).--Zanchini de Haeret. c. XV.--Bernardi Comens. Lucerna Inquisitor, s. v. _Advocatus_.--Coll. Doat, XXI. 143; XXVII. 156-62, 232; x.x.xI.

139.--Doctrina de modo procedendi (Martene Thesaur. V. 1795).--Tractatus de Inquis. (Doat, x.x.xVI.).--MSS. Bib. Nat., fonds latin, No. 14930, fol.

205.

[346] Coll. Doat, XXVII. 118, 140, 156, 162.

[347] Coll. Doat, XXVII. 118, 131, 133.--Eymerici Direct. Inq. p.

630.--Bernard. Comens. Lucerna Inquisitor. s. v. _Advocatus_.

[348] Lami, Antichita Toscane, pp. 557-9.--Coll. Doat, x.x.xI. 139.--MSS.

Bib. Nat., fonds latin, No. 9992.--Alex. PP. IV. Bull. _Pr cunctis_, -- 15, 9 Nov. 1256.

[349] Eymeric. Direct. Inquis. pp. 503-12.--Doctrina de modo Procedendi (Martene Thesaur. V. 1795-6).--Tract. de Paup. de Lugduno (Ib.

1792).--Lib. Sententt. Inquis. Tolosan. pp. 1, 6, 39, 98.

[350] Lib. Sententt. Inquis. Tolosan. pp. 37, 39-93, 99-175, 178-9.

[351] Lib. Sententt. Inq. Tolosan. pp. 252-4.--MSS. Bib. Nat., fonds latin, 11847 _ad finem_.--Arch. de l"Inquis. de Carca.s.sonne (Doat, x.x.xI.

83, 94-5).--Guid. Fulcod. Quaest. v.--Alex. PP. IV. Bull. _Cupientes_, 4 Mart. 1260.--Urbani PP. IV. Bull. _Licet ex omnibus_, -- 11, 1262.--Ejusd. Bull. _Pr cunctis_, 2 Aug. 1264.--C. 2 s.e.xto v. 2.--Bern.

Guidon Practica P. IV. (Doat, x.x.x.).--Zanchini Tract. de Haeret. c.

viii.--Concil. Narbonn. ann. 1244 c. 20.--Eymeric. Direct. Inquis. pp.

461-5.

[352] Archivio di Napoli, Registro 3, Lett. A, fol. 64.--Wadding. ann.

1359, No. 1-3.

[353] Lib. Sententt. Inq. Tolosan. pp. 350-1.

[354] Ripoll I. 285.

[355] Ripoll I. 434.--Pegnae Comment. in Eymeric. pp. 406-7.--Wadding.

Annal. Regest. Nich. PP. III. No. 10.--Arch. de l"Inq. de Carca.s.sonne (Doat, x.x.xII. 101).--Raynald. ann. 1278, No. 78.--MSS. Bib. Nat., fonds latin, No. 14930, fol. 218.

[356] Paramo de Orig. Offic. S. Inquis. pp. 124-5.--Wadding. Annal. ann.

1294, No. 1.--Milman, Latin Christianity, IV. 487.

[357] Arch. de l"Inquis. de Carca.s.sonne (Doat, x.x.xI. 5, 103).--Zanchini Tract. de Haeret. c. ix.

In the Cismontane Inquisition the preliminary oath seems only to pledge the accused to tell the truth as to himself and others (Eymeric. p.

421). In Italy, however, it was the more elaborate affair described in the text. In the trials of the Guglielmites at Milan, in 1300, the accused were, in addition, made to impose on themselves, in case of violating its pledges, a forfeit varying from ten to fifty imperial lire, to secure which they pledged to the inquisitor all their property, real and personal, and renounced all legal defence. Moreover, this pecuniary penalty was not to relieve them from the canonical punishment attendant upon the non-fulfilment of the obligations a.s.sumed. This, I presume, was the official formula customary in the Lombard Inquisition.--Ogniben Andrea, I Guglielmiti del Secolo XIII., Perugia, 1867, pp. 5-6, 13, 27, 35, 37, etc.

In some witch trials of 1474 in Piedmont the oath to tell the truth was enforced with excommunication and "_tratti di corde_," or infliction of the torture known as the strappado, varying from ten to twenty-five times--and also with pecuniary forfeits.--P. Vayra (Curiosita di Storia Subalpina, 1875, pp. 682, 693).

[358] Zanchini Tract. de Haeret. c. ii.

[359] Eymeric. Direct. Inquis. pp. 413-17.--Archivio di Napoli, Reg.

138, Lett. F, fol. 105.

To appreciate the contrast between the processes of the Inquisition and of the secular courts, it will suffice to allude to the practice of the latter in Milan in the first half of the fourteenth century. An accuser bringing a criminal action was obliged to inscribe himself and to furnish ample security that in case of failure he would undergo the fitting penalty and indemnify the accused for all expenses; in default of security he was to remain in jail until the end of the trial. The judge was, moreover, bound to render his decision within three months.

If the judge proceeded by inquisition he was obliged to give the accused notice in advance. The latter was ent.i.tled to counsel and to have the names and testimony of the witnesses communicated to him, and the judge was required, under a penalty of fifty lire, to complete the matter within thirty days.--Statuta Criminalia Mediolani, e tenebris in lucem edita, Bergami, 1594, c. 1-3, 153.

It is true that, under the influence of the Inquisition, the lay courts outgrew these wholesome provisions against injustice, but meanwhile it is important to bear them in mind when considering the secrecy, the delays, and the practical denial of justice in every way which characterized the proceedings against heretics. The gradual demoralization of the secular courts under these influences was a subject of complaint. In 1329 the consuls of Beziers represented to Philippe de Valois that his judges were neglecting to take from accusers proper security to indemnify the accused in case of the failure of the prosecution, and the king promptly ordered the abuse to be corrected.--Vaissette, ed. Privat, X. Pr. 687.

[360] Doctrina de modo procedendi (Martene Thesaur. V. 1805).--Molinier, L"Inquisition dans le midi de la France, pp. 186-7.

[361] Concil. Tolosan. ann. 1229 c. 10.--Concil. Biterrens. ann. 1244 c.

31.--Concil. Albiens. ann. 1254 c. 5.--Modus examinandi haereticos (Mag.

Bib. Patrum XIII. 341).--Joan. Andreae Gloss. sup. c. 13 s.e.xto v.

2.--Pegnae Comment. in Eymeric. p. 490.--Bernardi Comens. Lucerna Inquis.

s. vv. _Minor, Tortur_ No. 33.

[362] C. 8 Extra II. 14.--Concil. Narbonn. ann. 1244 c. 19.--Concil.

Biterrens. ann. 1246 c. 8; Append. c. 14.--Guid. Fulcod. Quaest.

VI.--Coll. Doat, XXI. 143.--Eymeric. Direct. Inq. pp. 382, 495, 528-31.--Lib. Sententt. Inq. Tolosan. pp. 175, 367-74.--Zanchini Tract.

de Haeret. c. ii., viii., ix.--MSS. Bib. Nat., fonds latin, No. 14930, fol. 221.--Bernardi Comens. Lucerna Inquisit. s. vv. _Contumax, Convincitur_.--Concil. Lateran. IV. ann. 1215 c. 28.--Hist. Diplom.

Frid. II. T. II. p. 4.--Concil. Albiens. ann. 1254 c. 28.--Alex. PP. IV.

Bull. _Consultationi vestr_, 28 Mai. 1260.--C. 13 Extra. v. 38 (cf.

Concil. Trident. Sess. 25 de Reform. c. 3).--Arch. de l"Inq. de Carca.s.s.

(Doat, x.x.xI. 83).--Bernardi Comens. Lucerna Inquisit. s. v. _Procedere_, No. 10.

[363] Muratori, Antiquitat. Ital. Dissert. 60.--Zanchini Tract. de Haeret. c. xxiv., xl.--Lami, Antichita Toscane, p. 497.

[364] Alex. PP. IV. Bull. _Prae cunctis_, -- 11, 9 Nov. 1256.--Ejusd.

Bull. _Cupientes_, 10 Dec. 1257; 4 Mart. 1264.--Urbani PP. IV. Bull.

_Licet ex omnibus_, 1262 (Mag. Bull. Rom. I. 122).--Ejusd. Bull. _Prae cunctis_, 2 Aug. 1264.--Clement. PP. IV. Bull. _Prae cunctis_, 23 Feb.

1266.--C. 20 s.e.xto v. 2.--Joan. Andreae Gloss. sup. cod.--C. 2 Clement.

v. 11.--Bernardi Guidonis Practica P. IV. (Doat, x.x.x.).--Eymeric.

Direct. Inq. p. 583.

[365] Doctrina de modo procedendi (Martene Thesaur. V.

1811-12).--Concil. Biterrens. ann. 1246, Append. c. 16.--Arch. de l"Inq.

de Carca.s.sonne (Doat, XXVII. 156, 162, 178).--Bern. Guidon. Gravamina (Doat, x.x.x. 102).--Ejusd. Practica (Doat, XXIX. 94).--Eymeric. Direct.

Inquis. pp. 631-33.--Jacob. Laudens. Orat. ad Concil. Constant. (Von der Hardt. III. 60).--Paramo de Orig. Offic. S. Inquis. pp. 32-33.--Zanchini Tract. de Haeret. c. ix.

[366] Eymeric. Direct. Inq. pp. 413, 418, 423-4, 461-5, 521-4.--Zanchini Tract. de Haeret. c. ix.--Bernardi Comens. Lucerna Inquisit. s. v.

_Impnitens_.--Albertin. Repert. Inquis. s. v. _Cautio_.

The contrast between this and the secular jurisprudence of the thirteenth century is ill.u.s.trated in the charter granted by Alphonse of Poitiers to the town of Auzon (Auvergne), about 1260. Any one accused of crime by common report could clear himself by his own oath and that of a single legal conjurator, unless there was a legitimate plaintiff or accuser; and no one could be tried by the inquisitorial process without his own consent.--Cha.s.saing, Spicilegium Brivateuse, Paris, 1886, p. 92.

[367] Bernard. Guidon. Practica P. IV., v. (Doat, x.x.x.).--Concil.

Biterrens. ann. 1246, Append, c. 16.--Tractat. de Paup. de Lugdun.

(Martene Thesaur. V. 1791-4).--Anon. Pa.s.saviens. (Mag. Bib. Pat. XIII.

308).--Const, xvi. Cod. I., v.--Molinier, L"Inquisition dans le midi de la France, p. 240.--Lib. Sententt. Inq. Tolosan. p. 147,--Epist. Petri Card. Alban. (Doat, x.x.xI. 5).--Bernard. Guidon. Gravamina (Doat, x.x.x.

114).

[368] Bernard. Guidon. Practica P. v.(Doat, x.x.x.).--Modus examinandi Haereticos (Mag. Bib. Pat. XIII. 342).--Tractat. de Paup. de Lugd.

(Martene Thesaur. V. 1793-4).--MS. Vatican, No. 8668(Ricchini, Prolog.ad Monetam, p. xxiii.).--Anon. Pa.s.sav.(Mag. Bib. Pat. XIII.

301).--Molinier, L"Inq. dans le midi de la France, p. 234.--Alex. PP.