45. Croyland Chronicle 46. Rotuli Parliamentorum; Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh; Andre 47. Mutilated doc.u.ment in Cotton MS. Cleopatra 48. Calendar of Papal Registers 49. Ibid.

50. Ibid.

51. Hall 52. Rotuli Parliamentorum 53. Andre 54. CSP Venice 55. Calendar of Papal Registers 56. Letters and Papers Ill.u.s.trative of the Reigns of Richard III and Henry VII 57. Shears 58. Calendar of Papal Registers 59. Ibid.; Loades: Mary Rose 60. Bacon; Croyland also gives the date as January 18.

61. Andre 62. Mutilated doc.u.ment in Cotton MS. Cleopatra 63. Croyland Chronicle 64. Meerson 65. Arch and Marschner 66. Harleian MS. 336, in Leland: Collectanea 67. Okerlund: Elizabeth of York; Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh 68. Bacon 69. Ibid.

70. Harleian MS. 336, in Leland Collectanea 71. Cambridge University Library Dd. 13.27, f. 31; Strickland 72. Hawes: A Joyful Meditation 73. Stuart Royal Proclamations 74. Kohler; Francis Perry; 75. All cited by Wroe 76. York Civic Records 77. Cited by Hilliam 78. Anglo: Images of Tudor Kingship 8: "IN BLEST WEDLOCK"

1. Woolgar 2. Harris 3. Laynesmith 4. Sandford; Laynesmith 5. Great Chronicle of London; Hall; Hayward 6. Hayward 7. CSP Venice 8. So called after the ceiling decoration in the room at the Palace of Westminster where it was held.

9. Exchequer Records E.101 10. Bacon 11. CSP Venice 12. CSP Spain 13. Cunningham: Henry VII 14. Erasmus: The Epistles of Erasmus; Bacon 15. Gothic. The book of hours is in the Devonshire Collection at Chatsworth House.

16. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh 17. CSP Spain 18. Jones and Underwood; Laynesmith; Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII; Searle 19. Vickers, in his edition of Bacon 20. Bacon 21. HVIIPPE.

22. Memorials of King Henry VII 23. Milne. He offers good evidence that Velville was Henry"s son.

24. CSP Spain 25. Four English Political Tracts of the Later Middle Ages 26. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 27. Cessolis 28. Norton: She Wolves 29. Paston Letters 30. Shears 31. PPE.

32. Loades: Tudor Queens 33. Paston Letters. John Paston was knighted at the Battle of Stoke in June 1487, so the letters must have been written after that date, as he is referred to as Sir John in both of them. Daubeney, whose letter was written on the Sat.u.r.day before St. Lawrence"s Day, August 10, refers to Elizabeth having taken to her chamber. Only two of her children were born in the summer: Arthur in 1486, the year before Paston was knighted; and Elizabeth on July 2, 1492. The letters must therefore belong to 1492, when the Queen was still lying in after her confinement, in which case Daubeney"s was written on August 5.

34. PPE.

35. CSP Spain 36. PPE.

37. Okerlund: Elizabeth of York; Cloake: "Richmond"s Great Monastery"; Thompson 38. PPE.

39. Ibid.

40. The device of Elizabeth Wydeville (Okerlund: Elizabeth of York) 41. Okerlund, in Elizabeth of York, suggests this is a reference to her being jilted by the Dauphin.

42. Additional MS. 5645, ff. 8v-11; Historical Poems of the XIVth and XVth Centuries; Stevens 43. Cotton MS. Vitellius 44. CSP Venice 45. PPE.

46. Calendar of Papal Registers 47. Cotton MS. Vespasian F XIII, f. 60 48. Original Letters Ill.u.s.trative of English History 49. Letters of Royal and Ill.u.s.trious Ladies of Great Britain 50. Harleian MS. 7039 51. Fisher: Funeral Sermon 52. Additional MSS.

53. Fisher: Funeral Sermon 54. Ibid.

55. Letters of the Queens of England 56. Loades: Tudor Queens 57. CSP Spain 58. More 59. Gristwood 60. Laynesmith 61. Records of the Borough of Nottingham; Jones and Underwood; City and Spectacle in Medieval Europe 62. Gristwood 63. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh. Nothing remains of this chantry chapel today, as the church was mostly rebuilt in the eighteenth century; the only chantry chapel still to survive is that of Sir Richard Weston, the builder of nearby Sutton Place, who probably rose to prominence in the service of Elizabeth of York.

64. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII 65. Gristwood; PPE 66. Collection of Ordinances 67. Jones and Underwood 68. In Elizabeth"s lifetime Margaret did not reside at Derby Place, the town residence built by her husband in 1503 on Peter"s Hill, near Baynard"s Castle. It later became the Heralds" College, but was burned down in the Great Fire of 1666. The present College of Arms occupies the site.

69. Jones and Underwood 70. PPE.

71. Collection of Ordinances 72. The Household of Edward IV 73. Leland: Collectanea; Collection of Ordinances 74. CSP Venice. Foreign observers often referred to Henry VII as "His Majesty," but that style was not adopted in England until the reign of Henry VIII; Henry VII used the traditional style, "His Grace."

75. Collection of Ordinances 76. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh; PPE; HVIIPPE 77. PPE.

78. Ibid.

79. Ibid.

80. Additional MS. 50001, f. 22; England in the Fifteenth Century; Sutton and Visser-Fuchs: "A "Most Benevolent Queen" "; Backhouse: "Illuminated Ma.n.u.scripts a.s.sociated with Henry VII"; Gothic; McKendrick, Lowden, and Doyle 81. Exeter College MS. 47; The Reign of Henry VII from Contemporary Sources 82. Royal MS. 16, f. II 83. Catalogue of Illuminated Ma.n.u.scripts; Backhouse: "Illuminated Ma.n.u.scripts a.s.sociated with Henry VII"

84. Royal MS. 19B XVI 85. McKendrick, Lowden, and Doyle 86. Royal MS. 20D VI 87. McKendrick, Lowden, and Doyle 88. Catalogue of Western Ma.n.u.scripts and Miniatures 89. Now in the British Library 90. Jones and Underwood 91. PPE.

92. Yale Center for British Art, Paul Mellon Collection. Painter; Okerlund: Elizabeth of York 93. England in the Fifteenth Century 94. Nicolas: Memoir, in PPE; Additional MS. 17, OX2 95. CSP Spain 96. CSP Milan 97. CSP Venice 98. CSP Spain 99. Ibid.

100. Vergil 101. "Lamentation," in More: Complete Works 102. CSP Spain 103. Patronage, the Crown and the Provinces in Later Medieval England 104. Crawford: "The King"s Burden?"

105. Loades: Tudor Queens 106. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh 107. Rotuli Parliamentorum; Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII; Crawford: "The King"s Burden?"

108. Rotuli Parliamentorum 109. Halsbury"s Laws of England 110. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII 111. Myers: Crown, Household and Parliament in Fifteenth-Century England; Laynesmith; Patronage, the Crown and the Provinces in Later Medieval England 112. Patronage, the Crown and the Provinces in Later Medieval England 113. Special Collections S.C. 2/172/38, 40; McIntosh; Laynesmith 114. Additional MS. 46454 115. PPE.

116. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh; Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII; Westminster Abbey Muniments 1217273 and 12177; PPE; Laynesmith 117. HVIIPPE; PPE.

118. PPE.

119. "Lamentation," in More: Complete Works 120. PPE.

121. HVIIPPE; Exchequer Records E.101/414/6; PPE 122. Patronage, the Crown and the Provinces in Later Medieval England; PPE 123. PPE.

124. Ibid.; Laynesmith 125. PPE.

9: "OFFSPRING OF THE RACE OF KINGS"

1. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh 2. Andre 3. Ibid.

4. Hall 5. Ibid.

6. Rowse: Bosworth Field and the Wars of the Roses 7. Hedley 8. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh; Tudor-Craig. The original bull is in the possession of the Society of Antiquaries of London, and there are copies in the British Library, the National Archives, and the John Rylands Library; the text is printed in Foedera.

9. William de Machlin: circular of the Papal Bull, in Tudor Royal Proclamations 10. Leland: Collectanea 11. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh 12. Hall 13. Macalpine 14. Ibid.

15. Rhoda Edwards; Macalpine; Hall 16. Victoria County History: Hampshire 17. Leland: Collectanea. The hall survives, but the interior of the Deanery has been much altered since Elizabeth stayed there.

18. Ibid.

19. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh 20. Ibid.

21. Articles ordained by King Henry VII for the Regulation of his Household, in Harleian MS. 642, f. 198217; Collection of Ordinances; Cotton MS. Julius B XII; Leland: Collectanea 22. Antiquarian Repertory 23. Eames; Laynesmith 24. Antiquarian Repertory 25. Original Letters Ill.u.s.trative of English History 26. Collection of Ordinances 27. Ibid.

28. Harleian MS. 642, f. 198217; Collection of Ordinances; Leland: Collectanea 29. Leland: Collectanea 30. Okerlund: Elizabeth of York 31. Collection of Ordinances 32. Leland: Collectanea; Collection of Ordinances 33. Collection of Ordinances; Leland: Collectanea 34. Plague, Poverty, Prayer 35. England in the Fifteenth Century 36. Eamonn Duffy; PPE 37. Plague, Poverty, Prayer 38. Ibid.

39. The Beaufort Hours; Leland: Collectanea; McKendrick, Lowden, and Doyle 40. Hall 41. Cotton MS. Julius EIV, f. 10v 42. Hampshire Record Office, 11 M59, B1/211, cited by Jones in Psychology of a Battle: Bosworth, 1485 43. Leland: Collectanea 44. Plague, Poverty, Prayer 45. Bacon 46. Fuller 47. Hall 48. Collection of Ordinances 49. Leland: Collectanea; Antiquarian Repertory 50. Collection of Ordinances 51. Ibid.

52. Additional MS. 6113, f. 77b; Leland: Collectanea; Collection of Ordinances; the Royal Book in Antiquarian Repertory 53. Leland: Collectanea 54. Anthology of Catholic Poets 55. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh; Anglo; Spectacle, Pageantry and Early Tudor Policy; Doran 56. Hughes 57. Additional MSS.

58. Leland: Collectanea 59. Harris; Cressy 60. Leland: Collectanea 61. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh 62. Meaning attire, or a covering, in this case a veil.

63. Collection of Ordinances; Leland: Collectanea; Parsons 64. Cited by Hayward 65. Account of Norroy Herald in Additional MS. 6113; Leland: Collectanea; Liber Regie Capelle; Cressy; Harris; Brigden 66. Collection of Ordinances; Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh; Exchequer Records E.404 and E.101; Gristwood; Hayward 67. Brigden 68. Collection of Ordinances 69. Ibid; Leland: Collectanea 70. Lansdowne MS. 278, f. 26; Crawford: "The Piety of Late-Medieval English Queens." Elizabeth did not refound the Lady Chapel, as is sometimes a.s.serted.

71. Licence: Elizabeth of York 72. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII; Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh 73. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh 74. Bell 75. Randerson 76. Starkey: Henry, Virtuous Prince, citing Leland: Collectanea; Hutchinson: Young Henry 10: "d.a.m.nABLE CONSPIRACIES"

1. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh 2. Ibid.; Okerlund: Elizabeth of York 3. Account of Norroy Herald in Additional MS. 6113; Collection of Ordinances; PPE 4. Collection of Ordinances 5. Vergil 6. Leland: Collectanea 7. Cotton MS. Julius, BXII, f. 29 8. Calendar of Papal Registers 9. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh 10. Foedera 11. Vergil 12. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh 13. Patronage, the Crown and the Provinces in Later Medieval England 14. The site is now occupied by Bermondsey Square and Bermondsey Market.

15. Bacon 16. Okerlund: Elizabeth Wydeville 17. Okerlund: Elizabeth of York 18. For Bermondsey Abbey, see, for example, Okerlund: Elizabeth Wydeville; Edward Clarke 19. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh 20. Ibid.

21. Lee states that she entered the convent in 1490, when her mother entered Bermondsey, but that had been in 1487.

22. More 23. "Friaries: The Dominican nuns of Dartford"; Lee; C.F.R. Palmer 24. Vergil 25. Ibid.

26. Bacon 27. Okerlund: Elizabeth of York 28. CSP Spain 29. Andre 30. Bacon 31. Calendar of Papal Registers 32. Original Letters Ill.u.s.trative of English History 33. Starkey: Henry, Virtuous Prince 34. Leland: Collectanea 35. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh 36. Bacon 37. Vergil 38. Andre 39. Bacon 11: "BRIGHT ELIZABETH"

1. Bacon 2. Gristwood 3. Bacon 4. Ibid.

5. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh 6. Bacon 7. Rawlinson MS. 146, f. 158, Bodleian Library; Leland: Collectanea 8. Great Chronicle of London 9. This account of Elizabeth"s coronation and the attendant celebrations is based on the descriptions in Leland: Collectanea; Cotton MS. Julius B XII, f. 39; Rawlinson MS. 146, f. 161; Egerton MS. 985, f. 19; English Coronation Records 10. Norris 11. Tessa Rose 12. Probably the same scepter that Anne Neville is shown holding in the Rous Roll.

13. The King and Queen had attended Margaret"s wedding (HVIIPPE), which had taken place sometime after September 1486 (Pierce). Margaret was to bear Sir Richard five children before his death in 1505, and would name one Henry and another Arthur.

14. Parsons 15. Strong: Lost Treasures of Britain; Strong: Coronation; Tessa Rose 16. The Pageants of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, B.L. Cotton MS. Julius E IV 17. Hilliam 18. Strickland states that this poem, dated 1486, was found in an old chest at Gayton, Northamptonshire, in the 1840s. It is also cited by Davey.

19. Leland: Collectanea 12: "ELYSABETH YE QUENE"

1. Laynesmith 2. Patronage, the Crown and the Provinces in Later Medieval England 3. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII; Myers: Crown, Household and Parliament in Fifteenth-Century England; Myers: "The Household Accounts of Queen Margaret of Anjou, 145253"; Laynesmith; PPE; Crawford: "The Queen"s Council in the Middle Ages"

4. Crawford: "The Queen"s Council in the Middle Ages"; Patronage, the Crown and the Provinces in Later Medieval England; PPE 5. Ibid.

6. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh; PPE 7. Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII. Ormond"s great-granddaughter, Anne Boleyn, became the second wife of Elizabeth"s son, Henry VIII.

8. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh 9. Okerlund: Elizabeth of York 10. Crawford: "The Queen"s Council in the Middle Ages"; Patronage, the Crown and the Provinces in Later Medieval England; The Household of Edward IV; Myers: "The Household Accounts of Queen Margaret of Anjou, 145253"; PPE 11. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh 12. Ibid.; PPE 13. PPE.

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid.; Hayward 16. PPE.

17. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh; Great Wardrobe Accounts 18. Calendar of Patent Rolls: Henry VII 19. PPE; Hayward 20. PPE.

21. Ibid.

22. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh; PPE; Norris 23. PPE.

24. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh; PPE 25. HVIIPPE.

26. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 27. HVIIPPE.

28. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh; PPE 29. England in the Fifteenth Century 30. PPE.

31. The Reign of Henry VII from Contemporary Sources; Dictionary of National Biography; Handbook of British Chronology 32. Letters of Royal and Ill.u.s.trious Ladies of Great Britain; Lisle Letters 33. Given-Hilson; Beauclerk-Dewar and Powell; Lisle Letters 34. PPE.

35. Patronage, the Crown and the Provinces in Later Medieval England 36. CSP Spain 37. PPE.

38. Ibid. The later term "chambermaid" derives from "chamberer."

39. PPE.

40. Leland: Collectanea 41. Collection of Ordinances 42. PPE.

43. Ibid.

44. Harris 45. Great Wardrobe Accounts; PPE 46. PPE.

47. Exchequer Records E.101/415/3 48. PPE.

49. Johnson 50. PPE.

51. Ibid.

52. Ibid. I am indebted to historian Siobhan Clarke for the information on black clothing.

53. PPE; Hayward 54. PPE.

55. Great Wardrobe Accounts; PPE; Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh 56. PPE.

57. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh; Johnson; Norris; Hayward 58. PPE.

59. Alberge 60. PPE.

61. HVIIPPE.

62. PPE.

63. Ibid.

64. Ibid.; Hayward 65. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh 66. Licence: Elizabeth of York 67. PPE.

68. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh 69. Ibid.

70. HVIIPPE; Great Wardrobe Accounts; Exchequer Records E.101; Hayward; Gristwood 71. PPE.

13: "UNBOUNDED LOVE"

1. Andre 2. See, for example, Jones and Underwood; Okerlund: Elizabeth of York 3. College of Arms MS. I, III, f. 10 4. Additional MS. 38, 133, f. 132b; Leland: Collectanea 5. Holinshed 6. Letters of the Queens of England, 11001547 7. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh 8. One who holds lands of an overlord in exchange for knight"s service.

9. The official in charge of administration.

10. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh 11. Charter Rolls C.53 12. Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry the Seventh 13. Leland: Collectanea 14. CSP Spain 15. Ibid.

16. Hedley; Hope; Goodall. The eastern part of the gallery and the arraying chamber still survive, much altered. Elizabeth"s dining chamber is now the Queen"s Drawing Room. The site of her bedchamber is now occupied by the central room of the Royal Library. The old state apartments were extensively remodeled for Charles II in the seventeenth century, and for George IV in the nineteenth century.