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Dak To Arthurs, Ted. Land with No Sun: A Year in Vietnam with the 173rd Airborne Land with No Sun: A Year in Vietnam with the 173rd Airborne. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2006.

Atkinson, Rick. The Long Gray Line: The American Journey of West Point"s Cla.s.s of 1966 The Long Gray Line: The American Journey of West Point"s Cla.s.s of 1966. New York: Owl Books, 1989.

Babc.o.c.k, Robert, ed. War Stories: Utah Beach to Pleiku War Stories: Utah Beach to Pleiku. Marietta, GA: Deeds Publishing, 2001.

Garland, Lieutenant Colonel Albert. A Distant Challenge: The U.S. Infantryman in Vietnam A Distant Challenge: The U.S. Infantryman in Vietnam. New York: Jove Books, 1983.

Murphy, Edward. Dak To: America"s Sky Soldiers in South Vietnam"s Central Highlands Dak To: America"s Sky Soldiers in South Vietnam"s Central Highlands. New York: Ballantine Books, 2007.

Pierce, Ivan. An Infantry Lieutenant"s Vietnam An Infantry Lieutenant"s Vietnam. El Dorado Springs, MO: Capsarge Publishing, 2004.

Stanton, Shelby. The Rise and Fall of an American Army: U.S. Ground Forces in Vietnam, 1965-1973 The Rise and Fall of an American Army: U.S. Ground Forces in Vietnam, 1965-1973. New York: Ballantine Books, 2003.

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Bin, Alberto, Richard Hill, and Archer Jones. Desert Storm: A Forgotten War Desert Storm: A Forgotten War. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998.

Bourque, Stephen. Jayhawk! The VII Corps in the Persian Gulf War Jayhawk! The VII Corps in the Persian Gulf War. Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, 2002.

Flanagan, Lieutenant General Edward. Lightning: The 101st in the Gulf War Lightning: The 101st in the Gulf War. Washington, D.C.: Bra.s.sey"s, 1994.

Hallion, Richard. Storm over Iraq: Air Power and the Gulf War Storm over Iraq: Air Power and the Gulf War. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Inst.i.tution Press, 1992.

Hartzog, William. American Military Heritage American Military Heritage. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, 2001.

Houlahan, Thomas. Gulf War: The Complete History Gulf War: The Complete History. New London, NH: Schrenker Military Publishing, 1999.

Lehrack, Otto, ed. America"s Battalion: Marines in the First Gulf War America"s Battalion: Marines in the First Gulf War. Tuscaloosa, AL: The University of Alabama Press, 2005.

Macgregor, Douglas. Warrior"s Rage: The Great Tank Battle of 73 Easting Warrior"s Rage: The Great Tank Battle of 73 Easting. Annapolis, MD: Naval Inst.i.tute Press, 2009.

Millett, Allan. Semper Fidelis: The History of the United States Marine Corps Semper Fidelis: The History of the United States Marine Corps. New York: The Free Press, 1991.

Santoli, Al, ed. Leading the Way: How Vietnam Veterans Rebuilt the U.S. Military, an Oral History Leading the Way: How Vietnam Veterans Rebuilt the U.S. Military, an Oral History. New York: Ballantine Books, 1993.

Scales, Robert. Certain Victory: The U.S. Army in the Gulf War Certain Victory: The U.S. Army in the Gulf War. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Staff, United States Army, 1993.

Shubert, Frank, and Theresa Kraus, general eds. The Whirlwind War: The United States Army in Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm The Whirlwind War: The United States Army in Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, 2001.

Swain, Richard. "Lucky War": Third Army in Desert Storm "Lucky War": Third Army in Desert Storm. Fort Leavenworth, KS: U.S. Army Command and General Staff College Press, 1997.

Taylor, Thomas. Lightning in the Storm: The 101st Air a.s.sault Division in the Gulf War Lightning in the Storm: The 101st Air a.s.sault Division in the Gulf War. New York: Hippocrene Books, 1994.

Vernon, Alex. Most Succinctly Bred Most Succinctly Bred. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2006.

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Bellavia, David, and John Bruning. House to House: An Epic Memoir of War House to House: An Epic Memoir of War. New York: Free Press, 2007.

Camp, d.i.c.k. Operation Phantom Fury: The a.s.sault and Capture of Fallujah, Iraq Operation Phantom Fury: The a.s.sault and Capture of Fallujah, Iraq. Minneapolis, MN: Zenith Press, 2009.

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ENDNOTES.

Introduction.

1 Captain William Whyte, "Will the Queen Die?" Captain William Whyte, "Will the Queen Die?" Marine Corps Gazette Marine Corps Gazette, January 1946, p. 10. In an article arguing for the infantry"s continued importance, Whyte quoted another commentator who claimed that the infantry would soon be "extinct as the dodo bird"; Captain William C. Boehm, letter to the editor, Infantry Journal Infantry Journal, September 1947.

2 S. L. A. Marshall, S. L. A. Marshall, Men Against Fire: The Problem of Command in Future War Men Against Fire: The Problem of Command in Future War (Alexandria, VA: Byrrd Enterprises, Inc., 1947), p. 15; Ralph Peters, "The Counterrevolution in Military Affairs," (Alexandria, VA: Byrrd Enterprises, Inc., 1947), p. 15; Ralph Peters, "The Counterrevolution in Military Affairs," Weekly Standard Weekly Standard, February 6, 2006, p. 18.

3 For more on the American notion of war as a logistical or engineering problem, see Brian Linn, For more on the American notion of war as a logistical or engineering problem, see Brian Linn, The Echo of Battle: The Army"s Way of War The Echo of Battle: The Army"s Way of War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007). Linn trenchantly identifies three major intellectual groups that have dominated the Army"s thinking since the earliest days of American history. The Guardians see war as primarily a science that is subject to natural laws and principles. In the nineteenth century, they favored coastal defense fortifications; in the twentieth, they argued for missile defense. The Managers think of warfare as a question of national mobilization, resource management, and the employment of overwhelming force. The Heroes argue that the human factor is paramount in war. They believe that battles, and wars, are decided by the fighting spirit of soldiers along with the inspirational leadership that motivates them to fight. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007). Linn trenchantly identifies three major intellectual groups that have dominated the Army"s thinking since the earliest days of American history. The Guardians see war as primarily a science that is subject to natural laws and principles. In the nineteenth century, they favored coastal defense fortifications; in the twentieth, they argued for missile defense. The Managers think of warfare as a question of national mobilization, resource management, and the employment of overwhelming force. The Heroes argue that the human factor is paramount in war. They believe that battles, and wars, are decided by the fighting spirit of soldiers along with the inspirational leadership that motivates them to fight.

4 Department of Defense Web site, Fiscal Year 2007 Budget by Service; Bing West, Department of Defense Web site, Fiscal Year 2007 Budget by Service; Bing West, The Strongest Tribe: War, Politics and the Endgame in Iraq The Strongest Tribe: War, Politics and the Endgame in Iraq (New York: Random House, 2008), pp. 155, 346; August Cole and Yochi Dreazen, "Boots on the Ground or Weapons in the Sky?" (New York: Random House, 2008), pp. 155, 346; August Cole and Yochi Dreazen, "Boots on the Ground or Weapons in the Sky?" Wall Street Journal Wall Street Journal, October 30, 2008, p. A14. The reference to inadequate equipment and weaponry for ground combat soldiers comes from my own Group Combat After Action Interview with Task Force 2-7 Infantry, enlisted soldiers, May 23, 2006. This problem is also general knowledge.

5 I am by no means the first author to make this case about the importance of ground forces. Marshall and Peters have, of course, emphasized these same points, albeit many decades apart. More recently, Daniel Bolger, I am by no means the first author to make this case about the importance of ground forces. Marshall and Peters have, of course, emphasized these same points, albeit many decades apart. More recently, Daniel Bolger, Death Ground: Today"s American Infantry in Battle Death Ground: Today"s American Infantry in Battle (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1999), Frederick Kagan, (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1999), Frederick Kagan, Finding the Target: The Transformation of American Military Policy Finding the Target: The Transformation of American Military Policy (New York: Encounter Books, 2006), and Adrian Lewis, (New York: Encounter Books, 2006), and Adrian Lewis, The American Culture of War: The History of U.S. Military Force from World War II to Operation Iraqi Freedom The American Culture of War: The History of U.S. Military Force from World War II to Operation Iraqi Freedom (New York: Routledge, 2007), all articulated similar arguments. (New York: Routledge, 2007), all articulated similar arguments.

6 Lieutenant Colonel Bruce Palmer, "Infantry and VT Fires," Lieutenant Colonel Bruce Palmer, "Infantry and VT Fires," Infantry School Quarterly Infantry School Quarterly , October 1950, p. 8. , October 1950, p. 8.

7 The numbers on urban population come from a United Nations habitat study at The numbers on urban population come from a United Nations habitat study at www.unhabitat.org. According to the study, over half the world"s population lived in urban areas by 2007. For more on the planning of the Iraq War, see Michael Gordon and Bernard Trainor, Cobra II: The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq Cobra II: The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq (New York: Vintage, 2007), Bob Woodward, (New York: Vintage, 2007), Bob Woodward, Plan of Attack Plan of Attack (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), and Tom Ricks, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), and Tom Ricks, Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq (New York: The Penguin Press, 2006). (New York: The Penguin Press, 2006).

8 For an excellent, groundbreaking study on killing in combat and its psychological effects, see Lieutenant Colonel Dave Grossman, For an excellent, groundbreaking study on killing in combat and its psychological effects, see Lieutenant Colonel Dave Grossman, On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society (New York: Back Bay Books, 1995). Grossman made the salient point that, as a society, we know much about the phenomenon of warfare but very little about actual killing in combat. He equates this to knowing much about relationships but nothing of s.e.x. (New York: Back Bay Books, 1995). Grossman made the salient point that, as a society, we know much about the phenomenon of warfare but very little about actual killing in combat. He equates this to knowing much about relationships but nothing of s.e.x.

9 Alfred Thayer Mahan, Alfred Thayer Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power upon History The Influence of Sea Power upon History (Newport, RI: Naval War College Press, 1991); the World War II statistics come from John C. McMa.n.u.s, (Newport, RI: Naval War College Press, 1991); the World War II statistics come from John C. McMa.n.u.s, The Deadly Brotherhood: The American Combat Soldier in World War II The Deadly Brotherhood: The American Combat Soldier in World War II (New York: Ballantine Books, 2003), p. 154. The other statistics, compiled as of May 14, 2008, are at (New York: Ballantine Books, 2003), p. 154. The other statistics, compiled as of May 14, 2008, are at www.fas.org under "American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics." under "American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics."

10 John Keegan, John Keegan, The Face of Battle: A Study of Agincourt, Waterloo, and the Somme The Face of Battle: A Study of Agincourt, Waterloo, and the Somme (London: Penguin Books, 1976). (London: Penguin Books, 1976).

11 The Checkerboard: Newsletter of the 99th Infantry Division a.s.sociation The Checkerboard: Newsletter of the 99th Infantry Division a.s.sociation, February 1993, p. 11.

Chapter 1.

1 Task Force 53, After Action Report (AAR), Record Group (RG) 127, U.S. Marine Corps Records, Guam, Box 49, Folder 3; Lieutenant Colonel W. F. Coleman to Major O. R. Lodge, September 23, 1952, U.S. Marine Corps History and Museums Division, Publication Background Files, "The Recapture of Guam," RG 127, Box 12, Folder 5; Colonel Edward Craig to Commandant, November 19, 1952, RG 127, Box 12, Folder 5, all at National Archives, College Park, MD; Major O. R. Lodge, Task Force 53, After Action Report (AAR), Record Group (RG) 127, U.S. Marine Corps Records, Guam, Box 49, Folder 3; Lieutenant Colonel W. F. Coleman to Major O. R. Lodge, September 23, 1952, U.S. Marine Corps History and Museums Division, Publication Background Files, "The Recapture of Guam," RG 127, Box 12, Folder 5; Colonel Edward Craig to Commandant, November 19, 1952, RG 127, Box 12, Folder 5, all at National Archives, College Park, MD; Major O. R. Lodge, The Recapture of Guam The Recapture of Guam (Washington, D.C.: Historical Branch, U.S. Marine Corps, 1954), pp. 34-35; Harry Gailey, (Washington, D.C.: Historical Branch, U.S. Marine Corps, 1954), pp. 34-35; Harry Gailey, The Liberation of Guam, 21 July The Liberation of Guam, 21 July-10 August, 1944 (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1988), pp. 87-88. (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1988), pp. 87-88.

2 3rd Marine Division, Invasion plan and landing diagrams, RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps Records, Guam, Box 65, Folder 7, National Archives; Lieutenant Colonel C. H. Kuhn, "The Guam Operation, 21 July-10 August 1944: The Importance of Planning," U.S. Marine Corps Amphibious Warfare School Paper, 1947-1948, found at the Gray Research Center (GRC), U.S. Marine Corps History and Museums Division (USMCHMD), Quantico, VA; Cyril O"Brien, 3rd Marine Division, Invasion plan and landing diagrams, RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps Records, Guam, Box 65, Folder 7, National Archives; Lieutenant Colonel C. H. Kuhn, "The Guam Operation, 21 July-10 August 1944: The Importance of Planning," U.S. Marine Corps Amphibious Warfare School Paper, 1947-1948, found at the Gray Research Center (GRC), U.S. Marine Corps History and Museums Division (USMCHMD), Quantico, VA; Cyril O"Brien, Liberation: Marines in the Recapture of Guam Liberation: Marines in the Recapture of Guam (Washington, D.C.: Marine Corps Historical Center, 1994), pp. 5-8; Robert Arthur and Kenneth Cohlmia, (Washington, D.C.: Marine Corps Historical Center, 1994), pp. 5-8; Robert Arthur and Kenneth Cohlmia, The Third Marine Division The Third Marine Division (Washington, D.C.: Infantry Journal Press, 1948), pp. 142-46; and Lodge, (Washington, D.C.: Infantry Journal Press, 1948), pp. 142-46; and Lodge, Recapture of Guam Recapture of Guam, pp. 16-20.

3 3rd Marine Division, Special Report, Medics, Guam Operation, Enclosure I, RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps Records, Guam, Box 50, Folder 10; "Report on Guam Operations," Box 50, Folder 8, both at National Archives; Staff Sergeant John O"Neill, personal diary, John O"Neill Papers, Box 1, Folder 2, GRC, USMCHMD; William Morgan, oral history, William Morgan Collection, #30140, Veterans History Project (VHP), American Folklife Center (AFC), Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.; the spud locker quote is in Louis Metzger, "Guam 1944," 3rd Marine Division, Special Report, Medics, Guam Operation, Enclosure I, RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps Records, Guam, Box 50, Folder 10; "Report on Guam Operations," Box 50, Folder 8, both at National Archives; Staff Sergeant John O"Neill, personal diary, John O"Neill Papers, Box 1, Folder 2, GRC, USMCHMD; William Morgan, oral history, William Morgan Collection, #30140, Veterans History Project (VHP), American Folklife Center (AFC), Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.; the spud locker quote is in Louis Metzger, "Guam 1944," Marine Corps Gazette Marine Corps Gazette, July 1994, p. 93.

4 Jack Kerins, "The Last Banzai" (self-published, 1992), pp. 76-77. For the bombardment ship order of battle and their placement off the beaches, see appendix chart in Lodge, Jack Kerins, "The Last Banzai" (self-published, 1992), pp. 76-77. For the bombardment ship order of battle and their placement off the beaches, see appendix chart in Lodge, Recapture of Guam Recapture of Guam.

5 3rd Marine Division, "Report on Guam Operations"; Eugene Peterson, unpublished memoir, pp. 76-77, Eugene Peterson Collection, #477, VHP, AFC, Library of Congress; Philip Johnson, unpublished memoir, p. 1, copy in author"s possession, courtesy of Mr. Johnson. Peterson and his colonel shared the meat loaf that night. Both men agreed that it was the best meal they ate on Guam. 3rd Marine Division, "Report on Guam Operations"; Eugene Peterson, unpublished memoir, pp. 76-77, Eugene Peterson Collection, #477, VHP, AFC, Library of Congress; Philip Johnson, unpublished memoir, p. 1, copy in author"s possession, courtesy of Mr. Johnson. Peterson and his colonel shared the meat loaf that night. Both men agreed that it was the best meal they ate on Guam.

6 3rd Marine Division, D3 (Operations) Comments on Naval Gunfire Support, Annex C, RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps Records, Guam, Box 50, Folder 9; Task Force 53, AAR, both at National Archives; Philip Crowl, 3rd Marine Division, D3 (Operations) Comments on Naval Gunfire Support, Annex C, RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps Records, Guam, Box 50, Folder 9; Task Force 53, AAR, both at National Archives; Philip Crowl, The United States Army in World War II: The War in the Pacific, Campaign in the Marianas The United States Army in World War II: The War in the Pacific, Campaign in the Marianas (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, 1960), pp. 324-25; William Putney, (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, 1960), pp. 324-25; William Putney, Always Faithful: A Memoir of the Marine Dogs of WWII Always Faithful: A Memoir of the Marine Dogs of WWII (Washington, D.C.: Bra.s.sey"s, 2001), pp. 140-41; Lodge, (Washington, D.C.: Bra.s.sey"s, 2001), pp. 140-41; Lodge, Recapture of Guam Recapture of Guam, pp. 37, 106.

7 3rd Marine Division, D3 Comments on Air Support, Annex D, RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps Records, Guam, Box 50, Folder 9; Lieutenant Colonel J. R. Spooner, close air support officer, to Major O. R. Lodge, August 12, 1952, U.S. Marine Corps History and Museums Division, Publication Background Files, "The Recapture of Guam," RG 127, Box 12, Folder 8, both at National Archives; Maury T. Williams, unpublished memoir, no pagination, John G. Balas Papers, Box 1, Folder 6, United States Army Military History Inst.i.tute, Carlisle, PA (hereafter referred to as USAMHI); William Welch, unpublished memoir, in author"s possession, courtesy of Mr. Welch; Crowl, 3rd Marine Division, D3 Comments on Air Support, Annex D, RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps Records, Guam, Box 50, Folder 9; Lieutenant Colonel J. R. Spooner, close air support officer, to Major O. R. Lodge, August 12, 1952, U.S. Marine Corps History and Museums Division, Publication Background Files, "The Recapture of Guam," RG 127, Box 12, Folder 8, both at National Archives; Maury T. Williams, unpublished memoir, no pagination, John G. Balas Papers, Box 1, Folder 6, United States Army Military History Inst.i.tute, Carlisle, PA (hereafter referred to as USAMHI); William Welch, unpublished memoir, in author"s possession, courtesy of Mr. Welch; Crowl, Campaign in the Marianas Campaign in the Marianas, p. 324.

8 Major L. A. Gilson to Major O. R. Lodge, February 11, 1952, U.S. Marine Corps History and Museums Division, Publication Background Files, "The Recapture of Guam," RG 127, Box 12, Folder 8; Admiral Richard Conolly to Commandant, November 12, 1952, also in Publication Background Files, RG 127, Box 12, Folder 5; Lieutenant Colonel Hideyuki Takeda to Marine Corps Historical Center, February 20, 1952, U.S. Marine Corps Records, Guam, RG 127, Box 68, Folder 17, all at National Archives; I. E. McMillan, "Naval Gunfire at Guam," Major L. A. Gilson to Major O. R. Lodge, February 11, 1952, U.S. Marine Corps History and Museums Division, Publication Background Files, "The Recapture of Guam," RG 127, Box 12, Folder 8; Admiral Richard Conolly to Commandant, November 12, 1952, also in Publication Background Files, RG 127, Box 12, Folder 5; Lieutenant Colonel Hideyuki Takeda to Marine Corps Historical Center, February 20, 1952, U.S. Marine Corps Records, Guam, RG 127, Box 68, Folder 17, all at National Archives; I. E. McMillan, "Naval Gunfire at Guam," Marine Corps Gazette Marine Corps Gazette , September 1948, p. 56; Crowl, , September 1948, p. 56; Crowl, Campaign in the Marianas Campaign in the Marianas, pp. 325-26; Lodge, Recapture of Guam Recapture of Guam, pp. 106-07.

9 3rd Marine Division, AAR, RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps Records, Guam, Box 50, Folder 9; "Report on Guam Operations," both at National Archives; 3rd Marine Division, AAR, RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps Records, Guam, Box 50, Folder 9; "Report on Guam Operations," both at National Archives; War Dogs of the Pacific War Dogs of the Pacific, doc.u.mentary by Harris Done, copy in author"s possession, courtesy of Mr. Done; Williams, unpublished memoir, USAMHI; Kerins, "Last Banzai," p. 79; Bill Conley, interview with the author, March 21, 2008; Henry Shaw, Bernard Nalty, and Edwin Turnbladh, History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II: Central Pacific Drive History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II: Central Pacific Drive (Washington, D.C.: Historical Branch, 1966), pp. 457-58; for more on the physiological effects of fear in combat, see Lieutenant Colonel Dave Grossman with Loren W. Christensen, (Washington, D.C.: Historical Branch, 1966), pp. 457-58; for more on the physiological effects of fear in combat, see Lieutenant Colonel Dave Grossman with Loren W. Christensen, On Combat: The Psychology and Physiology of Deadly Conflict in War and in Peace On Combat: The Psychology and Physiology of Deadly Conflict in War and in Peace (Portland, OR: PPCT Research Publications, 2007), pp. 16-49. (Portland, OR: PPCT Research Publications, 2007), pp. 16-49.

10 1st Provisional Marine Brigade, War Diary, RG 127, Marine Corps Records, Guam, Box 57, Folder 11; Unit Report, July 21, 1944, Box 57, Folder 13; 22nd Marine Regiment, Journal, July 21, 1944, Box 61, Folder 1; Tank Company, Special Action Report (SAR), Box 61, Folder 9; Lieutenant Colonel Robert Shaw to Commandant, September 29, 1952, RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps History and Museums Division, Publication Background Files, "The Recapture of Guam," Box 12, Folder, all at National Archives; O"Neill, diary, GRC; Shaw et al., 1st Provisional Marine Brigade, War Diary, RG 127, Marine Corps Records, Guam, Box 57, Folder 11; Unit Report, July 21, 1944, Box 57, Folder 13; 22nd Marine Regiment, Journal, July 21, 1944, Box 61, Folder 1; Tank Company, Special Action Report (SAR), Box 61, Folder 9; Lieutenant Colonel Robert Shaw to Commandant, September 29, 1952, RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps History and Museums Division, Publication Background Files, "The Recapture of Guam," Box 12, Folder, all at National Archives; O"Neill, diary, GRC; Shaw et al., Central Pacific Drive Central Pacific Drive, p. 461; O"Brien, Liberation Liberation, pp. 11-17; Lodge, Recapture of Guam Recapture of Guam, pp. 47-53.

11 9th Marine Regiment, SAR, RG 127, Marine Corps Records, Guam, Box 50, Folder 10; R3 Journal, July 21, 1944, Box 59, Folder 3, both at National Archives; Welch memoir. 9th Marine Regiment, SAR, RG 127, Marine Corps Records, Guam, Box 50, Folder 10; R3 Journal, July 21, 1944, Box 59, Folder 3, both at National Archives; Welch memoir.

12 21st Marine Regiment, SAR, RG 127, Marine Corps Records, Guam, Box 50, Folder 10; Operation Report, Box 51, Folder 2; Anthony Frances, "The Battle of Banzai Ridge," unpublished ma.n.u.script, pp. 4-7, USMCHMD, Reference Branch Files; Frank Hall, interview with the author, March 24, 2008; Frank Goodwin, interview with the author, March 25, 2008; Conley interview; Paul Jones, unpublished memoir, p. 19, Paul Jones Collection, #41436, VHP, AFC, Library of Congress; Lodge, 21st Marine Regiment, SAR, RG 127, Marine Corps Records, Guam, Box 50, Folder 10; Operation Report, Box 51, Folder 2; Anthony Frances, "The Battle of Banzai Ridge," unpublished ma.n.u.script, pp. 4-7, USMCHMD, Reference Branch Files; Frank Hall, interview with the author, March 24, 2008; Frank Goodwin, interview with the author, March 25, 2008; Conley interview; Paul Jones, unpublished memoir, p. 19, Paul Jones Collection, #41436, VHP, AFC, Library of Congress; Lodge, Recapture of Guam Recapture of Guam, pp. 40-42. Jones"s memoir provided firsthand context and description that added to my account of the 21st Marines" ascent up the cliff.

13 3rd Marine Regiment, SAR, RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps Records, Guam, Box 50, Folder 10; Operation Report, Box 51, Folder 2; Unit Journal, July 21, 1944, Box 58, Folder 5; 1st Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment, Journal, July 21, 1944, Box 58, Folder 8; Lieutenant Colonel Royal Bastion to USMCHMD, August 23, 1952, RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps History and Museums Division, Publication Background Files, "The Recapture of Guam," Box 12, Folder 5, all at National Archives; Pete Gilhooly, interview with the author, March 17, 2008; Mack Drake, unpublished journal, p. 7, copy in author"s possession, courtesy of Drake family; Alvin Josephy, 3rd Marine Regiment, SAR, RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps Records, Guam, Box 50, Folder 10; Operation Report, Box 51, Folder 2; Unit Journal, July 21, 1944, Box 58, Folder 5; 1st Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment, Journal, July 21, 1944, Box 58, Folder 8; Lieutenant Colonel Royal Bastion to USMCHMD, August 23, 1952, RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps History and Museums Division, Publication Background Files, "The Recapture of Guam," Box 12, Folder 5, all at National Archives; Pete Gilhooly, interview with the author, March 17, 2008; Mack Drake, unpublished journal, p. 7, copy in author"s possession, courtesy of Drake family; Alvin Josephy, The Long and the Short and the Tall: Marines in Combat on Guam and Iwo Jima The Long and the Short and the Tall: Marines in Combat on Guam and Iwo Jima (Short Hills, NJ: Burford Books, 1946), pp. 43-45; Gailey, (Short Hills, NJ: Burford Books, 1946), pp. 43-45; Gailey, Liberation of Guam Liberation of Guam, pp. 95-97; Lodge, Recapture of Guam Recapture of Guam, pp. 42-47.

14 Takeda letter, National Archives; Major General Haruo Umezawa and Colonel Louis Metzger, "The Defense of Guam," Takeda letter, National Archives; Major General Haruo Umezawa and Colonel Louis Metzger, "The Defense of Guam," Marine Corps Gazette Marine Corps Gazette, August 1964, p. 38; Lieutenant Colonel Hideyuki Takeda, "The Outline of j.a.panese Defense Plan and Battle of Guam Island," in Lester Dessez Papers, Box 1, Folder 11, GRC. In the quoted pa.s.sage, Takeda was referring specifically to the 38th Infantry Regiment, but the sentiment applied equally to the entire j.a.panese garrison.

15 1st Provisional Marine Brigade, War Diary, Journal, July 22, 1944; 22nd Marine Regiment, Journal, July 22, 1944; Tank Company, SAR; Captain Ben Read to Major O. R. Lodge, January 3, 1952, RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps History and Museums Division, Publication Background Files, "The Recapture of Guam," Box 12, Folder 8, all at National Archives; Takeda, "Outline of j.a.panese Defense Plan," pp. 3, 5; O"Neill, diary, both at GRC; First Lieutenant Millard Kaufman, "Attack on Guam," 1st Provisional Marine Brigade, War Diary, Journal, July 22, 1944; 22nd Marine Regiment, Journal, July 22, 1944; Tank Company, SAR; Captain Ben Read to Major O. R. Lodge, January 3, 1952, RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps History and Museums Division, Publication Background Files, "The Recapture of Guam," Box 12, Folder 8, all at National Archives; Takeda, "Outline of j.a.panese Defense Plan," pp. 3, 5; O"Neill, diary, both at GRC; First Lieutenant Millard Kaufman, "Attack on Guam," Marine Corps Gazette Marine Corps Gazette, April 1945; Sergeant Boondocks, "Facts from a Foxhole," Infantry Journal Infantry Journal, September 1945, p. 20; Corporal Fred Travis, "75s on Guam," Field Artillery Journal Field Artillery Journal, April 1945, pp. 233-34; Umezawa and Metzger, "The Defense of Guam," pp. 40-41; Welch memoir; Shaw et al., Central Pacific Drive Central Pacific Drive, pp. 471-76; O"Brien, Liberation Liberation, pp. 17-18; Gailey, Liberation of Guam Liberation of Guam, pp. 104-06; Lodge, Recapture of Guam Recapture of Guam, pp. 54-56.

16 Takeda letter, National Archives; Umezawa and Metzger, "Defense of Guam," pp. 41-42; Lodge, Takeda letter, National Archives; Umezawa and Metzger, "Defense of Guam," pp. 41-42; Lodge, Recapture of Guam Recapture of Guam, pp. 79-80; Lieutenant P. W. "Bill" Lanier in a letter printed in the Washington Star Washington Star, November 26, 1944, claimed to have found hypodermic needles and narcotics on the bodies of several dead j.a.panese.

17 Provisional War Dog Company, SAR, RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps Records, Guam, Box 50, Folder 11; 21st Marine Regiment, SAR, both at National Archives; Provisional War Dog Company, SAR, RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps Records, Guam, Box 50, Folder 11; 21st Marine Regiment, SAR, both at National Archives; War Dogs of the Pacific War Dogs of the Pacific; Ed Adamski, interview with the author, March 7, 2008; Roger Belanger, interview with the author, March 4, 2008; Frank Goodwin, unpublished memoir, p. 1, in author"s possession, courtesy of Mr. Goodwin; Goodwin interview; Putney, Always Faithful Always Faithful, pp. 168-69.

18 21st Marine Regiment, SAR, National Archives; Bill Karpowicz, e-mail to author, June 10, 2008; Lanier letter; Kaufman, "Attack on Guam," p. 61; Bob Glenn, interview with the author, March 31, 2008; Lodge, 21st Marine Regiment, SAR, National Archives; Bill Karpowicz, e-mail to author, June 10, 2008; Lanier letter; Kaufman, "Attack on Guam," p. 61; Bob Glenn, interview with the author, March 31, 2008; Lodge, Recapture of Guam Recapture of Guam, pp. 78-79; Grossman, On Killing On Killing, pp. 5-9.

19 3rd Marine Division, Report on Guam Operations and AAR, Provisional War Dog Company, AAR, all at National Archives; 3rd Marine Division, Report on Guam Operations and AAR, Provisional War Dog Company, AAR, all at National Archives; War Dogs of the Pacific War Dogs of the Pacific; Adamski, Goodwin interviews; Putney, Always Faithful Always Faithful, pp. 170-71.

20 3rd Marine Division, D3 (Operations) Journal, July 26, 1944, RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps Records, Guam, Box 54, Folder 3; 21st Marine Regiment, SAR, both at National Archives; Drake, unpublished journal, p. 7; Belanger interview. 3rd Marine Division, D3 (Operations) Journal, July 26, 1944, RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps Records, Guam, Box 54, Folder 3; 21st Marine Regiment, SAR, both at National Archives; Drake, unpublished journal, p. 7; Belanger interview.

21 12th Marine Regiment, SAR, RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps Records, Guam, Box 59, Folder 8; 21st Marine Regiment, SAR; Lieutenant Colonel R. R. Van Stock.u.m to Lieutenant Colonel Harry Edwards, October 15, 1952, RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps History and Museums Division, Publication Background Files, "The Recapture of Guam," Box 12, Folder 7, all at National Archives; Frances, "Battle of Banzai Ridge," pp. 27-29, USMCHMD; Staff Sergeant James Hague, combat correspondent, unt.i.tled article on Banzai Ridge; Jim Headley, interview with the author, March 3, 2008; Walt Fischer, unpublished memoir, p. 3, copy in author"s possession, courtesy of Mr. Fischer; Walt Fischer, interview with the author, March 18, 2008. 12th Marine Regiment, SAR, RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps Records, Guam, Box 59, Folder 8; 21st Marine Regiment, SAR; Lieutenant Colonel R. R. Van Stock.u.m to Lieutenant Colonel Harry Edwards, October 15, 1952, RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps History and Museums Division, Publication Background Files, "The Recapture of Guam," Box 12, Folder 7, all at National Archives; Frances, "Battle of Banzai Ridge," pp. 27-29, USMCHMD; Staff Sergeant James Hague, combat correspondent, unt.i.tled article on Banzai Ridge; Jim Headley, interview with the author, March 3, 2008; Walt Fischer, unpublished memoir, p. 3, copy in author"s possession, courtesy of Mr. Fischer; Walt Fischer, interview with the author, March 18, 2008.

22 3rd Marine Division, D3 Journal, July 26, 1944; 21st Marine Regiment, SAR, both at National Archives; Conley interview; Karpowicz e-mail; Lanier letter; Lodge, 3rd Marine Division, D3 Journal, July 26, 1944; 21st Marine Regiment, SAR, both at National Archives; Conley interview; Karpowicz e-mail; Lanier letter; Lodge, Recapture of Guam Recapture of Guam, pp. 80-81.

23 1st Provisional Marine Brigade, War Diary, National Archives; O"Neill, diary, GRC; Lieutenant General Alpha Bowser, oral history, USMCHMD; Kaufman, "Attack on Guam," p. 61; Lodge, 1st Provisional Marine Brigade, War Diary, National Archives; O"Neill, diary, GRC; Lieutenant General Alpha Bowser, oral history, USMCHMD; Kaufman, "Attack on Guam," p. 61; Lodge, Recapture of Guam Recapture of Guam, pp. 78-79, 81; Kerins, "Last Banzai," pp. 120-24.

24 3rd Marine Division, Report on Guam Operations, D3 Journal, July 26, 1944; 21st Marine Regiment, SAR, all at National Archives; Lodge, 3rd Marine Division, Report on Guam Operations, D3 Journal, July 26, 1944; 21st Marine Regiment, SAR, all at National Archives; Lodge, Recapture of Guam Recapture of Guam, pp. 81, 85.

25 3rd Marine Division, Report on Guam Operations, AAR; 2nd Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, "Account of Action Opposing Nip Breakthrough," RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps Records, Guam, Box 60, Folder 5, all at National Archives; Frank Hough, 3rd Marine Division, Report on Guam Operations, AAR; 2nd Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment, "Account of Action Opposing Nip Breakthrough," RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps Records, Guam, Box 60, Folder 5, all at National Archives; Frank Hough, The Island War: The United States Marine Corps in the Pacific The Island War: The United States Marine Corps in the Pacific (Philadelphia and New York: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1947), p. 274. (Philadelphia and New York: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1947), p. 274.

26 Frances, "Battle of Banzai Ridge," p. 30, USMCHMD (in June 1945, Frances published part of this paper in the Frances, "Battle of Banzai Ridge," p. 30, USMCHMD (in June 1945, Frances published part of this paper in the Marine Corps Gazette Marine Corps Gazette); Lanier letter; O"Neill, diary, GRC; Lodge, Recapture of Guam Recapture of Guam, p. 87.

27 3rd Marine Division, AAR; D3 Periodic Report, July 26, 1944, RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps Records, Guam, Box 54, Folder 3; 21st Marine Regiment, SAR, all at National Archives; Goodwin memoir, interview; Kerins, "Last Banzai," p. 129. 3rd Marine Division, AAR; D3 Periodic Report, July 26, 1944, RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps Records, Guam, Box 54, Folder 3; 21st Marine Regiment, SAR, all at National Archives; Goodwin memoir, interview; Kerins, "Last Banzai," p. 129.

28 Frances, "Battle of Banzai Ridge," p. 30, USMCHMD; Jim Headley to author, March 12, 2008. Frances, "Battle of Banzai Ridge," p. 30, USMCHMD; Jim Headley to author, March 12, 2008.

29 The handbill is reprinted in Sgt. H. N. Oliphant, "Combat in the Marianas," The handbill is reprinted in Sgt. H. N. Oliphant, "Combat in the Marianas," Yank Yank, October 13, 1944; S. L. A. Marshall, Men Against Fire: The Problem of Battle Command in Future War Men Against Fire: The Problem of Battle Command in Future War (Alexandria, VA: Byrrd Enterprises, Inc., 1947), pp. 50-84; Grossman, in (Alexandria, VA: Byrrd Enterprises, Inc., 1947), pp. 50-84; Grossman, in On Killing On Killing, also discusses the reluctance to kill and the psychological cost of doing so. Although Grossman"s book is a brilliant, landmark piece of work, he places way too much emphasis on Marshall"s debunked ratio-of-fire claims. In an earlier book, The Deadly Brotherhood: The American Combat Soldier in World War II The Deadly Brotherhood: The American Combat Soldier in World War II (New York: Ballantine Books, 2003), pp. 116-21, I discussed the problems with Marshall"s claims and the work of several other historians who have cast doubt on his contentions. Since publishing that book, I have further examined Marshall"s surviving records, and I have interviewed one of the key historians who worked with him during the war, but found no concrete evidence to support his theories. In researching this Guam chapter, I estimate that I have reviewed about five thousand pages of doc.u.ments and firsthand accounts. Yet I found (New York: Ballantine Books, 2003), pp. 116-21, I discussed the problems with Marshall"s claims and the work of several other historians who have cast doubt on his contentions. Since publishing that book, I have further examined Marshall"s surviving records, and I have interviewed one of the key historians who worked with him during the war, but found no concrete evidence to support his theories. In researching this Guam chapter, I estimate that I have reviewed about five thousand pages of doc.u.ments and firsthand accounts. Yet I found not one not one recorded instance of an American refusing to fire his weapon or preferring his own death to killing an enemy soldier. recorded instance of an American refusing to fire his weapon or preferring his own death to killing an enemy soldier.

30 3rd Marine Division, Report on Guam Operations, AAR; Takeda letter, all at National Archives; Lanier letter; Josephy, 3rd Marine Division, Report on Guam Operations, AAR; Takeda letter, all at National Archives; Lanier letter; Josephy, Long and the Short and the Tall Long and the Short and the Tall, p. 65; Lodge, Recapture of Guam Recapture of Guam, pp. 86-87.

Chapter 2.

1 Joseph Alexander, "What Was Nimitz Thinking?" Joseph Alexander, "What Was Nimitz Thinking?" United States Naval Inst.i.tute Proceedings United States Naval Inst.i.tute Proceedings , November 1998, pp. 42-47; Alexander, ""Everything about Peleliu Left a Bad Taste,"" , November 1998, pp. 42-47; Alexander, ""Everything about Peleliu Left a Bad Taste,"" Leatherneck Leatherneck, September 2004, pp. 28-30; Major Jon T. Hoffman, "The Legacy and Lessons of Peleliu," Marine Corps Gazette Marine Corps Gazette, September 1994, pp. 90-91; George Garand and Truman Strobridge, History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II: Western Pacific Operations History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II: Western Pacific Operations (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Marine Corps Historical Division, 1971), pp. 63-65; Bill Ross, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Marine Corps Historical Division, 1971), pp. 63-65; Bill Ross, A Special Piece of h.e.l.l: The Untold Story of Peleliu-The Pacific War"s Forgotten Battle A Special Piece of h.e.l.l: The Untold Story of Peleliu-The Pacific War"s Forgotten Battle (New York: St. Martin"s, 1991), pp. 134-41. (New York: St. Martin"s, 1991), pp. 134-41.

2 1st Marine Division, Special Action Report (SAR), Annex A, Infantry, Record Group (RG) 127, U.S. Marine Corps Records, Peleliu, Box 298, Folder 19; Sergeant Major Masao Kurihara et al., prisoner interrogations, provided to U.S. Marine Corps History and Museums Division by Major General Paul Mueller, RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps History and Museums Division, Publication Background Files, a.s.sault on Peleliu, Box 6, Folder 2, all at National Archives, College Park, MD; Interrogation of Colonel Tokechi Tada and Lieutenant General Sadae Inoue regarding the Palau Campaign, both in Rex Beasley Papers, Box 1, Folder 1, United States Army Military History Inst.i.tute (USAMHI), Carlisle, PA; Major Frank Hough, 1st Marine Division, Special Action Report (SAR), Annex A, Infantry, Record Group (RG) 127, U.S. Marine Corps Records, Peleliu, Box 298, Folder 19; Sergeant Major Masao Kurihara et al., prisoner interrogations, provided to U.S. Marine Corps History and Museums Division by Major General Paul Mueller, RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps History and Museums Division, Publication Background Files, a.s.sault on Peleliu, Box 6, Folder 2, all at National Archives, College Park, MD; Interrogation of Colonel Tokechi Tada and Lieutenant General Sadae Inoue regarding the Palau Campaign, both in Rex Beasley Papers, Box 1, Folder 1, United States Army Military History Inst.i.tute (USAMHI), Carlisle, PA; Major Frank Hough, The a.s.sault on Peleliu The a.s.sault on Peleliu (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Marine Corps Historical Branch, 1950), pp. 192-97, 200-203; Harry Gailey, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Marine Corps Historical Branch, 1950), pp. 192-97, 200-203; Harry Gailey, Peleliu 1944 Peleliu 1944 (Annapolis, MD: The Nautical and Aviation Publishing Company of America, 1983), pp. 37-51; Garand and Strobridge, (Annapolis, MD: The Nautical and Aviation Publishing Company of America, 1983), pp. 37-51; Garand and Strobridge, Western Pacific Operations Western Pacific Operations, pp. 66-72; David Green, "Peleliu," After the Battle After the Battle, Number 78, 1992, pp. 8-9; Alexander, ""Bad Taste,"" pp. 28-31; Hoffman, "Legacy and Lessons," pp. 90-91. In speaking to his postwar interrogators, General Inoue said that another reason he sent General Murai to Peleliu was to make sure that Colonel Nakagawa did not "make any mistakes." However, General Inoue, according to the interrogator, said this "with a twinkle in his eye" and was probably joking.

3 3rd Fleet, Naval Gunfire Report, RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps Records, Peleliu, Box 297, Folder 3; III Marine Amphibious Corps, Operation Report, Enclosure B, Naval Gunfire and Tactics, Box 298, Folder 4; Operation Report, Enclosure G, Naval Bombardment, Box 298, Folder 9; 1st Marine Division, SAR, Annex K, Naval Bombardment, Box 298, Folder 19; Rear Admiral George Fort to Major General Orlando Ward, November 15, 1950, RG 319, Records of the Office of the Chief of Military History, History Division, Approach to the Philippines, Box 306, Folder 4; Rear Admiral George Fort to Brigadier General Clayton Jerome, March 20, 1950, RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps History and Museums Division, Publication Background Files, a.s.sault on Peleliu, Box 6, Folder 1; Admiral Jesse Oldendorf to Jerome, March 25, 1950, Box 6, Folder 2; Lieutenant Colonel Lewis Field to Commandant, March 17, 1950, 3rd Fleet, Naval Gunfire Report, RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps Records, Peleliu, Box 297, Folder 3; III Marine Amphibious Corps, Operation Report, Enclosure B, Naval Gunfire and Tactics, Box 298, Folder 4; Operation Report, Enclosure G, Naval Bombardment, Box 298, Folder 9; 1st Marine Division, SAR, Annex K, Naval Bombardment, Box 298, Folder 19; Rear Admiral George Fort to Major General Orlando Ward, November 15, 1950, RG 319, Records of the Office of the Chief of Military History, History Division, Approach to the Philippines, Box 306, Folder 4; Rear Admiral George Fort to Brigadier General Clayton Jerome, March 20, 1950, RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps History and Museums Division, Publication Background Files, a.s.sault on Peleliu, Box 6, Folder 1; Admiral Jesse Oldendorf to Jerome, March 25, 1950, Box 6, Folder 2; Lieutenant Colonel Lewis Field to Commandant, March 17, 1950, Box 6, Folder 1; Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Ramsay to Commandant, February 20, 1950, Box 6, Folder 1, all at National Archives; Vice Admiral Theodore Wilkinson to Major General Roy Geiger, August 17, 1944, Roy Geiger Papers, Box 5, Folder 99; Brigadier General Oliver Smith, unpublished memoir, p. 14, Oliver P. Smith Papers, Box 2, Folder 1, both at U.S. Marine Corps History and Museums Division (USMCHMD), Gray Research Center (GRC), Quantico, VA; Burke Davis, Marine! The Life of Chesty Puller Marine! The Life of Chesty Puller (New York: Bantam, 1991), pp. 190-95; Gailey, (New York: Bantam, 1991), pp. 190-95; Gailey, Peleliu Peleliu, pp. 65-68; Garand and Strobridge, Western Pacific Operations Western Pacific Operations, pp. 102-05.

4 1st Marine Division, SAR; D3 Journal, September 15, 1944, RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps Records, Peleliu, Box 299, Folder 6; 1st Battalion, 1st Marine Regiment, History, Box 300, Folder 6; 7th Marine Regiment, AAR, Box 299, Folder 4; Oldendorf to Jerome, all at National Archives. 1st Marine Division, SAR; D3 Journal, September 15, 1944, RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps Records, Peleliu, Box 299, Folder 6; 1st Battalion, 1st Marine Regiment, History, Box 300, Folder 6; 7th Marine Regiment, AAR, Box 299, Folder 4; Oldendorf to Jerome, all at National Archives.

5 1st Marine Division, SAR, and Annex J, Tanks, RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps Records, Peleliu, Box 298, Folder 19, National Archives; Hough, 1st Marine Division, SAR, and Annex J, Tanks, RG 127, U.S. Marine Corps Records, Peleliu, Box 298, Folder 19, National Archives; Hough, Seizure of Peleliu Seizure of Peleliu, pp. 60-64. This description also is derived from my a.n.a.lysis of literally hundreds of firsthand accounts and official reports. Citing them all would be ponderous.