36 Fleming, Liberty, 159-160.

37 Ibid., 160.

38 Pennsylvania Evening Packet, July 25, 1775.

39 NDAR, vol. 2, 920, Lord Dunmore"s Proclamation, November 7, 1775.

40 Fleming, Liberty, 160.

41 Boyd, ed., Jefferson Papers 1, 260-61, November 16, 29, 1775.

42 Beck, Letter Book of Esek Hopkins, 18.

43 PRO, Admiralty 51/548, Journal of HMS Liverpool, Captain Henry Belew, February 5, 1776.

44 PA Archives, Colonial Records, vol. 10, 495.

45 Ibid.; ISM, Barry-Hayes Papers, Memorial to Congress, 1785.

46 HSP, Christopher Marshall Diary, March 23, 1776; Wilbur, Pirates and Patriots of the Revolution, 70.

47 ISM, Barry-Hayes Papers, Barry Memorial to Congress, 1785.

48 HSP, Joshua Humphreys Correspondence January-March 1776; Clark, Gallant John Barry, 71.

49 NDAR, vol. 3, 1054, John Barry, Receipts Related to the Maryland Ship Defence, January 30, 1776.

50 NDAR, vol. 3, 637-638, Naval Committee to Commodore Esek Hopkins, January 5, 1776.

51 Miller, Sea of Glory, 99.

52 Beck, The Letter Book of Esek Hopkins, 44.

53 NDAR, vol. 4, 56, Captain Andrew Snape Hamond, R.N., to Captain Alexander Graeme, R.N., February 23, 1776.

54 Beck, Letter Book of Esek Hopkins, 19; Morison, John Paul Jones, 68.

55 Rhode Island Historical Society, Hopkins Papers, March 3, 1776; Fowler, "Esek Hopkins," 11.

56 Morison, John Paul Jones, 69.

57 NDAR, vol. 4, 152, Liverpool Journal, March 3, 1776.

58 Maryland Historical Society, Maryland Council of Safety, March 9, 1776.

59 NDAR, vol. 4, 356, William Lux letter, March 15, 1776.

60 Maryland Historical Society, Carroll Papers, March 12, 1776; Pennsylvania Packet, March 11, 1776.

61 JCC, March 13, 1776.

62 Clark, Gallant John Barry, 72.

63 ISM, Barry-Hayes Papers, Memorial to Pennsylvania a.s.sembly, 1783, and to Congress, 1785; NYHS, Barnes Collection, NY5-31, Certification affidavit, John Hanc.o.c.k, September 26, 1776.

64 Feldman, "Continental Navy Brigantine Lexington (1776-177)," 66-67.

65 HSP, Joshua Humphreys Papers, Wharton & Humphreys, Ship Yard Accounts, 1773-1795.

66 Millar, American Ships of the Colonial and Revolutionary Periods, 174, 176.

67 NDAR, vol. 4, 356, Receipts for Arms and Ammunition Received for the Maryland Ship Defence, March 15, 1776.

68 NDAR, Vol. 4, 399-400. Extract of a Letter from Philadelphia Dated 18th March 1776.

69 Matthewman, "Narrative."

70 HSP, Woodhouse Collection, Commissioners of the Continental Navy in Account with the Brigantine Lexington, March 28, 1776; Matthewman, "Narrative."

71 Fowler, Rebels Under Sail, 248.

72 Ibid.

73 Matthewman, "Narrative"; NDAR, vol. 8, 238-40, Monthly Return for the Continental Navy Brig Lexington, March [31] 1777.

74 PA State Archives, Group 27, Executive Correspondence: "Servant to Captain Barry, Pet.i.tion to Committee of Safety."

75 Tuchman, First Salute, 45.

76 Miller, Sea of Glory 523.

77 Morison, John Paul Jones, 95.

78 Ibid.

79 JCC, IV, 213-215, March 13, 1776.

80 HSP, Wharton-Humphreys Papers, Charge Book; Clark, Gallant John Barry, 74.

81 PA Archives, Colonial Records, vol. 10, 524.

82 NDAR, vol. 4, 510, Henry Fisher to the Pennsylvania Committee of Safety, March 25, 1776.

83 PA Archives, Colonial Records, vol. 10, 525-528.

84 HSP, Christopher Marshall Diary, March 28, 1776; PA Archives, Colonial Records, vol. 10, 527-528.

85 HSP, Woodhouse Collection, "Commissioners of the Continental Navy in Account with the Brigantine Lexington, March 28, 1776.

86 HSP, Christopher Marshall Diary, March 28, 1776; Clark, Gallant John Barry, 75.

87 PA Archives; Pennsylvania State Papers, vol. I, 113-14.

88 PRO, Admiralty, 1/487, Journal of Captain Andrew Snape Hamond, March 2025, 1776.

89 PRO, Admiralty, 51/796, Journal, HMS Roebuck, March 2531, 1776.

90 Ibid.

91 University of Virginia Library, Hamond Papers, No. 4, March 28, 1776.

92 Wilbur, Pirates and Patriots of the Revolution, 44.

93 Morison, John Paul Jones, 63.

94 Wilbur, Pirates and Patriots of the Revolution, 44.

95 Ibid.

96 King with Hattendorf and Estes, A Sea of Words, 305.

97 Morison, John Paul Jones, 63.

98 Ibid.

99 Ibid., 63-64; Tuchman, First Salute, 118.

100 Wilbur, Pirates and Patriots of the Revolution, 46, 45; Tuchman, First Salute, 118.

101 Ibid.

102 Ibid., 75.

103 Conversation with Dr. Craig Symonds, USNA (retired), April 7, 2005.

104 NDAR, vol. 4, William Whipple to Josiah Bartlett, March 28, 1776.

105 PRO Admiralty, 51/796, Journal of HMS Roebuck, March 31, 1776.

CHAPTER FOUR: BATTLE.

1 PA Archives, State Papers I, 113-115, April 1, 1776.

2 Pennsylvania Evening Post, March 28, 1776.

3 NDAR, vol. 4, Henry Fisher to the Pennsylvania Committee of Safety, April 1, 1776, 618-19; Pennsylvania Gazzete, April 17, 1776.

4 New York Journal, April 11, 1776.

5 New-York Historical Society, Barnes Collection, John Barry Papers, April 8, 1776.

6 NDAR, vol. 4, 618-619, Fisher to the Pennsylvania Committee of Safety, April 1, 1776.

7 UVL, Hamond Papers, No. 4, April 7, 1776.

8 LOC, John Barry Collection, Libel Proceedings, HMS Edward, April 30, 1776.

9 JCC, IV, 270, April 7, 1776.

10 Kessler, "Rough Sketch," 16.

11 HSP, Aspinall Papers, vol. II, 780-784, April 26, 1776.

12 Docket of the Court of the Admiralty of Philadelphia, U.S. Customs House, Philadelphia, April 30, 1776.

13 King with Hattendorf and Estes, A Sea of Words, 196.

14 I thank Charles Brodine for his input.

15 Pennsylvania Gazette, April 17, 1776; London Public Advertiser, August 17, 1776.

16 Ibid.

17 Pennsylvania Gazette, April 11, 1776.

18 King with Hattendorf and Estes, A Sea of Words, p. 405.

19 Pennsylvania Gazette, April 17, 1776; NDAR, vol. 4, 702, Barry to Continental Marine Committee, April 7, 1776.

20 Ibid.

21 HSP, Anthony Wayne Papers, I, 44; Lt. Col. Johnson to Col. Wayne, April 10, 1776.

22 Pennsylvania Gazette, April 17, 1776.

23 Kessler, "Rough Sketch," 16.

24 Henkel, ed., Confidential Correspondence of Robert Morris, Silas Deane to Robert Morris, April 12, 1776.

25 Thomas, John Paul Jones, 50.

26 RIHS, Hopkins letter book, 61.