Having given M. G. Lewis"s doc.u.ment time to work,--

January 1818.--Gives the Fourth Canto of "Childe Harold" {51} to the public.

Jan. 25, 1819.--Sends to Murray to print for private circulation among the "initiated" the First Canto of "Don Juan."

Is n.o.bly and severely rebuked for this insult to his wife by the "Blackwood," August 1819.

October 1819.--Gives Moore the ma.n.u.script "Autobiography," with leave to show it to whom he pleases, and print it after his death.

Oct. 29, 1819, Vol. IV. Letter 344.--Writes to Murray, that he may read all this "Autobiography," and show it to anybody he likes.

Dec. 10, 1819.--Writes to Murray on this article in "Blackwood" against "Don Juan" and himself, which he supposes written by Wilson; sends a complimentary message to Wilson, and asks him to read his "Autobiography"

sent by Moore. (Letter 350.)

March 15, 1820.--Writes and dedicates to I. Disraeli, Esq., a vindication of himself in reply to the "Blackwood" on "Don Juan," containing an indignant defence of his own conduct in relation to his wife, and maintaining that he never yet has had an opportunity of knowing whereof he has been accused; accusing Sir S. Romilly of taking his retainer, and then going over to the adverse party, etc. (Printed for _private circulation_; to be found in the standard English edition of Murray, vol.

ix. p.57.)

To this condensed account of Byron"s strategy we must add the crowning stroke of policy which transmitted this warfare to his friends, to be continued after his death.

During the last visit Moore made him in Italy, and just before Byron presented to him his "Autobiography," the following scene occurred, as narrated by Moore (vol. iv. p.221):--

"The chief subject of conversation, when alone, was his marriage, and the load of obloquy which it had brought upon him. He was most anxious to know _the worst_ that had been alleged of his conduct; and, as this was our first opportunity of speaking together on the subject, I did not hesitate to put his candour most searchingly to the proof, not only by enumerating the various charges I had heard brought against him by others, but by specifying such portions of these charges as I had been inclined to think not incredible myself.

"To all this he listened with patience, and answered with the most unhesitating frankness; laughing to scorn the tales of unmanly outrage related of him, but at the same time acknowledging that there had been in his conduct but too much to blame and regret, and stating one or two occasions during his domestic life when he had been irritated into letting the "breath of bitter words" escape him,. . . which he now evidently remembered with a degree of remorse and pain which might well have ent.i.tled them to be forgotten by others.

"It was, at the same time, manifest, that, whatever admissions he might be inclined to make respecting his own delinquencies, the inordinate measure of the punishment dealt out to him had sunk deeply into his mind, and, with the usual effect of such injustice, drove him also to be unjust himself; so much so, indeed, as to impute to the quarter to which he now traced all his ill fate a feeling of fixed hostility to himself, which would not rest, he thought, even at his grave, but continue to persecute his memory as it was now embittering his life. So strong was this impression upon him, that, during one of our few intervals of seriousness, he conjured me by our friendship, if, as he both felt and hoped, I should survive him, not to let unmerited censure settle upon his name."

In this same account, page 218, Moore testifies that

"Lord Byron disliked his countrymen, but only because he knew that his morals were held in contempt by them. The English, themselves rigid observers of family duties, could not pardon him the neglect of his, nor his trampling on principles; therefore, neither did he like being presented to them, nor did they, especially when they had wives with them, like to cultivate his acquaintance. Still there was a strong desire in all of them to see him; and the women in particular, who did not dare to look at him but by stealth, said in an under-voice, "What a pity it is!" If, however, any of his compatriots of exalted rank and high reputation came forward to treat him with courtesy, he showed himself obviously flattered by it. It seemed that, to the wound which remained open in his ulcerated heart, such soothing attentions were as drops of healing balm, which comforted him."

When in society, we are further informed by a lady quoted by Mr. Moore, he was in the habit of speaking of his wife with much respect and affection, as an ill.u.s.trious lady, distinguished for her qualities of heart and understanding; saying that all the fault of their cruel separation lay with himself. Mr. Moore seems at times to be somewhat puzzled by these contradictory statements of his idol, and speculates not a little on what could be Lord Byron"s object in using such language in public; mentally comparing it, we suppose, with the free handling which he gave to the same subject in his private correspondence.

The innocence with which Moore gives himself up to be manipulated by Lord Byron, the naivete with which he shows all the process, let us a little into the secret of the marvellous powers of charming and blinding which this great actor possessed.

Lord Byron had the beauty, the wit, the genius, the dramatic talent, which have const.i.tuted the strength of some wonderfully fascinating women.

There have been women able to lead their leashes of blinded adorers; to make them swear that black was white, or white black, at their word; to smile away their senses, or weep away their reason. No matter what these sirens may say, no matter what they may do, though caught in a thousand transparent lies, and doing a thousand deeds which would have ruined others, still men madly rave after them in life, and tear their hair over their graves. Such an enchanter in man"s shape was Lord Byron.

He led captive Moore and Murray by being beautiful, a genius, and a lord; calling them "Dear Tom" and "Dear Murray," while they were only commoners. He first insulted Sir Walter Scott, and then witched his heart out of him by ingenuous confessions and poetical compliments; he took Wilson"s heart by flattering messages and a beautifully-written letter; he corresponded familiarly with Hogg; and, before his death, had made fast friends, in one way or another, of the whole "Noctes Ambrosianae" Club.

We thus have given the historical resume of Lord Byron"s attacks on his wife"s reputation: we shall add, that they were based on philosophic principles, showing a deep knowledge of mankind. An a.n.a.lysis will show that they can be philosophically cla.s.sified:--

1st. Those which addressed the sympathetic nature of man, representing her as cold, methodical, severe, strict, unforgiving.

2nd. Those addressed to the faculty of a.s.sociation, connecting her with ludicrous and licentious images; taking from her the usual protection of womanly delicacy and sacredness.

3rd. Those addressed to the moral faculties, accusing her as artful, treacherous, untruthful, malignant.

All these various devices he held in his hand, shuffling and dealing them as a careful gamester his pack of cards according to the exigencies of the game. He played adroitly, skilfully, with blinding flatteries and seductive wiles, that made his victims willing dupes.

Nothing can more clearly show the power and perfectness of his enchantments than the masterly way in which he turned back the moral force of the whole English nation, which had risen at first in its strength against him. The victory was complete.

CHAPTER IV. RESULTS AFTER LORD BYRON"S DEATH.

At the time of Lord Byron"s death, the English public had been so skilfully manipulated by the Byron propaganda, that the sympathy of the whole world was with him. A tide of emotion was now aroused in England by his early death--dying in the cause of Greece and liberty. There arose a general wail for him, as for a lost pleiad, not only in England, but over the whole world; a great rush of enthusiasm for his memory, to which the greatest literary men of England freely gave voice. By general consent, Lady Byron seems to have been looked upon as the only cold-hearted unsympathetic person in this general mourning.

From that time the literary world of England apparently regarded Lady Byron as a woman to whom none of the decorums, nor courtesies of ordinary womanhood, nor even the consideration belonging to common humanity, were due.

"She that is a widow indeed, and desolate," has been regarded in all Christian countries as an object made sacred by the touch of G.o.d"s afflicting hand, sacred in her very helplessness; and the old Hebrew Scriptures give to the Supreme Father no dearer t.i.tle than "the widow"s G.o.d." But, on Lord Byron"s death, men not devoid of tenderness, men otherwise generous and of fine feeling, acquiesced in insults to his widow with an obtuseness that seems, on review, quite incredible.

Lady Byron was not only a widow, but an orphan. She had no sister for confidante; no father and mother to whom to go in her sorrows--sorrows so much deeper and darker to her than they could be to any other human being. She had neither son nor brother to uphold and protect her. On all hands it was acknowledged that, so far, there was no fault to be found in her but her utter silence. Her life was confessed to be pure, useful, charitable; and yet, in this time of her sorrow, the writers of England issued article upon article not only devoid of delicacy, but apparently injurious and insulting towards her, with a blind unconsciousness which seems astonishing.

One of the greatest literary powers of that time was the "Blackwood:" the reigning monarch on that literary throne was Wilson, the lion-hearted, the brave, generous, tender poet, and, with some sad exceptions, the n.o.ble man. But Wilson had believed the story of Byron, and, by his very generosity and tenderness and pity, was betrayed into injustice.

In "The Noctes" of November 1824 there is a conversation of the Noctes Club, in which North says, "Byron and I knew each other pretty well; and I suppose there"s no harm in adding, that we appreciated each other pretty tolerably. Did you ever see his letter to me?"

The footnote to this says, "_This letter, which was_ PRINTED _in Byron"s lifetime, was not published till_ 1830, when it appeared in Moore"s "Life of Byron." It is one of the most vigorous prose compositions in the language. Byron had the highest opinion of Wilson"s genius and n.o.ble spirit."

In the first place, with our present ideas of propriety and good taste, we should reckon it an indecorum to make the private affairs of a pure and good woman, whose circ.u.mstances under any point of view were trying, and who evidently shunned publicity, the subject of public discussion in magazines which were read all over the world.

Lady Byron, as they all knew, had on her hands a most delicate and onerous task, in bringing up an only daughter, necessarily inheriting peculiarities of genius and great sensitiveness; and the many mortifications and embarra.s.sments which such intermeddling with her private matters must have given, certainly should have been considered by men with any pretensions to refinement or good feeling.

But the literati of England allowed her no consideration, no rest, no privacy.

In "The Noctes" of November 1825 there is the record of a free conversation upon Lord and Lady Byron"s affairs, interlarded with exhortations to push the bottle, and remarks on whisky-toddy. Medwin"s "Conversations with Lord Byron" is discussed, which, we are told in a note, appeared a few months after the _n.o.ble_ poet"s death.

There is a rather bold and free discussion of Lord Byron"s character--his fondness for gin and water, on which stimulus he wrote "Don Juan;" and James Hogg says pleasantly to Mullion, "O Mullion! it"s a pity you and Byron could na ha" been acquaint. There would ha" been brave sparring to see who could say the wildest and the dreadfullest things; for he had neither fear of man or woman, and would ha" his joke or jeer, cost what it might." And then follows a specimen of one of his jokes with an actress, that, in indecency, certainly justifies the a.s.sertion. From the other stories which follow, and the parenthesis that occurs frequently ("Mind your gla.s.s, James, a little more!"), it seems evident that the party are progressing in their peculiar kind of _civilisation_.

It is in this same circle and paper that Lady Byron"s private affairs come up for discussion. The discussion is thus elegantly introduced:--

Hogg.--"Reach me the black bottle. I say, Christopher, what, after all, is your opinion o" Lord and Leddy Byron"s quarrel? Do you yoursel" take part with him, or with her? I wad like to hear your real opinion."

North.--"Oh, dear! Well, Hogg, since you will have it, I think Douglas Kinnard and Hobhouse are bound to tell us whether there be any truth, and how much, in this story about the _declaration_, signed by Sir Ralph" [Milbanke].

The note here tells us that this refers to a statement that appeared in "Blackwood" immediately after Byron"s death, to the effect that, previous to the formal separation from his wife, Byron required and obtained from Sir Ralph Milbanke, Lady Byron"s father, a statement to the effect that Lady Byron had no charge of moral delinquency to bring against him. {61}

North continues:--

"And I think Lady Byron"s letter--the "Dearest Duck" one I mean--should really be forthcoming, if her ladyship"s friends wish to stand fair before the public. At present we have nothing but loose talk of society to go upon; and certainly, _if the things that are said be true, there must be thorough explanation from some quarter, or the tide will continue, as it has a.s.suredly begun, to flow in a direction very opposite to what we were for years accustomed_. Sir, they must _explain this business of the letter_. You have, of course, heard about the invitation it contained, the warm, affectionate invitation, to Kirkby Mallory"--

Hogg interposes,--

"I dinna like to be interruptin" ye, Mr. North; but I must inquire, Is the _jug_ to stand still while ye"re going on at that rate?"