Theoretically this system was absurd. But each of the little colleges had its band of devoted adherents, held fast to it by the strongest of all ties, that of religion. Most of all was this the case with Acadia, founded in hot and justifiable anger, and eager to justify its existence.
Had Howe been a wary politician, he would have thought twice before stirring up such a wasp"s nest, more especially as the {77} Baptists had hitherto been his faithful supporters. But Howe was both more and less than a wary politician, and when early in 1843 a private member brought in resolutions in favour of withdrawing the grants from the existing colleges, and of founding "one good college, free from sectarian control, and open to all denominations, maintained by a common fund," Howe supported him with all his might. In thus differing from his colleagues on a question of primary importance he was undoubtedly guilty of ignoring the doctrine of collective Cabinet responsibility.
The heather was soon on fire. Johnston came vigorously to the rescue of Acadia. The Baptist newspaper attacked Howe in no measured terms.
Crawley himself in public speeches endeavoured to show "the extreme danger to religion of the plan projected by Mr Howe of one college in Halifax without any religious character, and which would be liable to come under the influence of infidelity." Howe repaid invective with invective. "I may have been wrong, but yet when I compare these peripatetic, writing, wrangling, grasping professors, either with the venerable men who preceded them in the ministry of their own Church, or in the advent of {78} Christianity, I cannot but come to the conclusion that either one set or the other have mistaken the mode. Take all the Baptist ministers from one end of the province to the other--the Hardings, the Dimocks, the Tuppers,--take all that have pa.s.sed away, from Aline to Burton; men who have suffered every privation, preaching peace and contentment to a poor and scattered population; and the whole together never created as much strife, exhibited so paltry an ambition, or descended to the mean arts of misrepresentation to such an extent, in all their long and laborious lives, as these two arrogant professors of philosophy and religion have done in the short period of half a dozen years."[4]
In reply to Dr Crawley he contrasted the students of an undenominational college, "drinking at the pure streams of science and philosophy," with the students of Acadia "imbibing a sour sectarian spirit on a hill." "It is said, if a college is not sectarian, it must be infidel. Is infidelity taught in our academies and schools? No; and yet not one of them is sectarian. A college would be under strict discipline, established by its governors; clergymen would occupy some of its chairs; {79} moral philosophy, which to be sound must be based on Christianity, must be conspicuously taught; and yet the religious men who know all this raise the cry of infidelity to frighten the farmers in the country."
Johnston, in evident alarm at the success of Howe"s agitation, persuaded the governor to dissolve the House and hold a general election. At the same time he himself, with great courage, resigned his life-membership of the Legislative Council, and offered himself as a candidate for the a.s.sembly. A hot election followed, in which both Howe and Johnston were returned at the head of approximately equal numbers.
By this time Howe had learned his lesson. A half-way house might be a useful stopping-place, but could not be a terminus. A unanimous Cabinet was a necessity, and a unanimous Cabinet was possible only if backed by a unanimous party. He therefore offered Lord Falkland either to resign, or to form a Liberal administration from which Johnston and those who thought with him should be excluded. This Lord Falkland could not see, nor yet could Johnston. The latter "unequivocally denounced the system of a party government, and avowed his preference for {80} a government in which all parties should be represented." At last, on Falkland"s urgent request, Howe consented to remain in the government till the House met.
A few days later the governor suddenly appointed to the Executive Council Mr Almon, a high Tory and Johnston"s brother-in-law. It was too much; Howe and his Liberal colleagues at once resigned.
Was he in the right? With Almon as a man they had no quarrel. Howe and Johnston were both well qualified to serve their native province. Why should one consume his energy in trying to keep out the other? The answer is that a government is not merely composed of heads of separate departments. It is a unity, responsible for a coherent policy, and as such cannot contain two men, however estimable, who differ on political fundamentals. It is Howe"s merit that he saw this, while Johnston and Falkland did not. After all, their loud cries for a non-party administration only meant an administration in which their own party was supreme. Howe was wholly in the right when he said that Johnston"s epitaph should be, "Here lies the man who denounced party government, that he might form one; and professing justice to all parties, gave every office to his own."
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There followed three years of hard fighting. Johnston formed an administration, which was sustained by a majority varying from one to three. Debates of thirteen and fourteen days were common. Howe"s relations with Lord Falkland had at first been those of intimate friendship, and for a time the quarrel was conducted with decorum.
Several months after his resignation he could write, "personal or factious opposition to your Lordship I am incapable of." But a literary gentleman, in close connection with Lord Falkland, began in the press a series of fierce attacks on Howe and the other Liberal leaders. Of Lord Falkland"s sanction and approval there could be little doubt. His Lordship himself said in private conversation that between him and Howe it was "war to the knife," and personally denounced him in his dispatches to the Colonial Office. Howe was not the man to refuse such a challenge.
Though retaining his seat in the House, he resumed the editorship of the _Nova Scotian_, which he had abandoned in 1841. From his editorial chair he not only guided the parliamentary Opposition, but pelted the governor himself with a shower of pasquinades in prose and verse. Lord Falkland has practically put himself at {82} the head of the Tory party, said Howe, and as a political opponent he shall have no mercy. A flood of Rabelaisian banter was poured upon the head of the unhappy n.o.bleman. He was attacked in his pride, his tenderest place. It is impossible not to wish that Howe had shown more moderation. He had, of course, precedent on his side. Nothing which he wrote was so bad as the language of Queen Elizabeth to her councillors, or of Frederick the Great to Voltaire. He was neither more savage than Junius, nor more indecent than Sir Charles Hanbury Williams in his attacks on King George II. But times had changed. Mouths and manners had grown cleaner, and much of Howe"s banter is over-coa.r.s.e for present-day palates. But of its effectiveness there is no doubt. He fairly drove the unhappy Falkland out of the province.
After all, his raillery was an instrument in the fight for freedom, and a less deadly one than the scythes and muskets of Mackenzie or Papineau.
A squib which produced much comment in its day was "The Lord of the Bedchamber," which begins thus:
The Lord of the Bedchamber sat in his shirt, (And D--dy the pliant was there), And his feelings appeared to be very much hurt And his brow overclouded with care.
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It was plain, from the flush that o"ermantled his cheek, And the fl.u.s.ter and haste of his stride, That, drowned and bewildered, his brain had grown weak By the blood pumped aloft by his pride.
So it goes on, not unamusing, full of topical allusions and bad puns.
The serious Johnston, with some lack of humour, brought the matter up in the House, and came near to accusing Howe of High Treason. Howe wisely refused to take the matter seriously, and defended himself in a speech of which a fair sample is: "This is the first time I ever suspected that to hint that n.o.blemen wore shirts was a grave offence, to be prosecuted in the High Court of Parliament by an Attorney General. Had the author said that the Lord of the Bedchamber wore no shirt, or that it stuck through his pantaloons, there might have been good ground of complaint." On the more serious question he said: "The time has come when I must do myself justice. An honest fame is as dear to me as Lord Falkland"s t.i.tle is to him. His name may be written in Burke"s Peerage; mine has no record but on the hills and valleys of the country which G.o.d has given us for an inheritance, and must live, if it lives at all, in the hearts of those who tread them. Their confidence and respect {84} must be the reward of their public servants. But if these n.o.ble provinces are to be preserved, those who represent the sovereign must act with courtesy and dignity and truth to those who represent the people. Who will go into a Governor"s Council if, the moment he retires, he is to have his loyalty impeached; to be stabbed by secret dispatches; to have his family insulted; his motives misrepresented, and his character reviled? What Nova Scotian will be safe? What colonist can defend himself from such a system, if a governor can denounce those he happens to dislike and get up personal quarrels with individuals it may be convenient to destroy?"[5]
In 1846 the quarrel came to a crisis. The speaker of the House and his brother, a prominent member of the Opposition, were connected with an English company formed for building Nova Scotian railways. To the astonishment of everybody, a dispatch from Lord Falkland to the Colonial Office was brought down and read before the speaker"s face, in which his own name and that of his brother were repeatedly mentioned, and in which they were held up to condemnation as the a.s.sociates of "reckless" and "insolvent" {85} men. Howe was justly indignant at this gross breach of const.i.tutional procedure, and indeed of ordinary good manners. Leaping to his feet, he said: "I should but ill discharge my duty to the House or to the country, if I did not, this instant, enter my protest against the infamous system pursued (a system of which I can speak more freely, now that the case is not my own), by which the names of respectable colonists are libelled in dispatches sent to the Colonial Office, to be afterwards published here, and by which any brand or stigma may be placed upon them without their having any means of redress. If that system be continued, some colonist will, by and by, or I am much mistaken, hire a black fellow to horsewhip a lieutenant-governor."[6]
In reply to a vote of censure by the House, he defended himself in a letter to his const.i.tuents, of which the pith is in the final sentences: ""But," I think I hear some one say, "after all, friend Howe, was not the supposit.i.tious case, which you antic.i.p.ated might occur, somewhat quaint and eccentric and startling?" It was, because I wanted to startle, to rouse, to flash the light of truth over every hideous feature of the system. {86} The fire-bell startles at night; but if it rings not the town may be burned; and wise men seldom vote him an incendiary who pulls the rope, and who could not give the alarm and avert the calamity unless he made a noise. The prophet"s style was quaint and picturesque when he compared the great king to a sheep-stealer; but the object was not to insult the king, it was to make him think, to rouse him; to let him see by the light of a poetic fancy the gulf to which he was descending, that he might thereafter love mercy, walk humbly, and, controlling his pa.s.sions, keep untarnished the l.u.s.tre of the Crown. David let other men"s wives alone after that flight of Nathan"s imagination; and I will venture to say that whenever, hereafter, our rulers desire to grille a political opponent in an official dispatch, they will recall my homely picture and borrow wisdom from the past."[7]
Later in the year Lord Falkland was recalled, and appointed governor of Bombay. Soon afterwards Howe wrote to a friend: "Poor Falkland will not soon forget Nova Scotia, where he learned more than ever he did at Court.
I ought to be grateful to him, for but for the pa.s.sages of arms between us, {87} there were some tricks of fence I had not known. Besides, I now estimate at their true value some sneaking dogs that I should have been caressing, for years to come, and lots of n.o.ble-hearted friends that only the storms of life could have taught me adequately to prize."
[Ill.u.s.tration: SIR JOHN HARVEY. From a portrait in the John Ross Robertson Collection, Toronto Public Library]
Falkland"s successor was Sir John Harvey, in old days a hero of the War of 1812, more recently governor of New Brunswick. Shortly after his coming he endeavoured to induce Howe and his friends to enter the government, but Howe now saw victory within his grasp, and had no mind for further coalitions. To a friend he wrote: "I do not in the abstract disapprove of coalitions, where public exigencies, or an equal balance of parties, create a necessity for them, but hold that, when formed, the members should act in good faith, and treat each other like gentlemen--should form a party, in fact, and take the field against all other parties without. If they quarrel and fight, and knock the coalition to smithereens, then a governor who attempts to compel men who cannot eat together, and are animated by mutual distrust, to serve in the same Cabinet, and bullies them if they refuse, is mad."
Foiled in his well-meant attempt, Sir John then consulted the Colonial Office. Into that {88} department a new spirit had come with the arrival in 1846 of Lord Grey, who replied with a dispatch in which the principles of Responsible Government were laid down in the clearest terms, while at the same time the Reformers were warned that only the holders of the great political offices should be subject to removal, and that there should be no approach to the "spoils system," which was at the time disgracing the United States. In 1847 the Reformers carried the province, and Sir John Harvey gave to their leaders his loyal support.
Mr Uniacke was called on to form an administration, in which Howe was given the post of provincial secretary. There was a final flurry. For a month or two the province was convulsed by the conduct of the former provincial secretary, Sir Rupert D. George, who, amid the plaudits of fashionable Halifax, refused to resign. But Sir Rupert was dismissed with a pension, and Joe Howe ruled in his stead. The ten years" conflict was at an end. The printer"s boy had faced the embattled oligarchy, and had won.
It was a bloodless victory. Heart-burning indeed there was, and the breaking up of friendships. But it is the glory of Howe that responsibility was won in the Maritime {89} Provinces without rebellion.
In the next year, in his song for the centenary of the landing of the Britons in Halifax, he exultantly broke out:
The blood of no brother, in civil strife poured, In this hour of rejoicing enc.u.mbers our souls!
The frontier"s the field for the patriot"s sword, And cursed is the weapon that faction controls!
In conclusion we must ask ourselves, was it worth while? Was the winning of Responsible Government a good thing? We are apt to take this for granted. Too many of our historians write as if all the members of the Family Compact had been selfish and corrupt, and all our present statesmen were altruistic and pure. Both propositions are equally doubtful. A man is not necessarily selfish and corrupt because he is a Tory, nor altruistic and pure because he calls himself a Liberal or a Reformer. It is very doubtful whether Nova Scotia is better governed to-day than it was in the days of Lord Dalhousie or Sir Colin Campbell.
Native Nova Scotians have shown that we do not need to go abroad for lazy and impecunious placemen. But two things are certain. Nova Scotia is more contented, if not with its government, at least with the system by which that government is chosen, {90} and it has within itself the capacity for self-improvement. Before Joseph Howe Nova Scotians were under tutors and governors; he won for them the liberty to rise or fall by their own exertions, and fitted them for the expansion that was to come.
[1] The full text of this speech will be found in Chisholm, _Speeches and Letters_, vol. i, p. 144.
[2] Chisholm, _Speeches and Letters_, vol. i, p. 223.
[3] Chisholm, _Speeches and Letters_, vol. i, p. 252.
[4] Chisholm, _Speeches and Letters_, vol. i, p. 432.
[5] Chisholm, _Speeches and Letters_, vol. i, p. 531.
[6] Chisholm, _Speeches and Letters_, vol. i, p. 594.
[7] Chisholm, _Speeches and Letters_, vol. i, p. 600.
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CHAPTER V
RAILWAYS AND IMPERIAL CONSOLIDATION
In 1825 a train of cars, carrying coal, drawn by a steam locomotive, ran from Stockton to Darlington in Lancashire. In a week the price of coals in Darlington fell from eighteen shillings to eight shillings and sixpence. In 1830 the "Rocket," designed by George Stephenson, ran from Liverpool to Manchester at a rate of nearly forty miles an hour, and the possibilities of the new method of transportation became manifest. But the jealousy of the landed interest, eager to maintain the beauty and the privacy of the countryside, r.e.t.a.r.ded till the forties the growth of English railways. Meanwhile, by the use of railways the United States altered her whole economic life and outlook.
In 1830 she had twenty-three miles of railway, five years later over a thousand, and by 1840 twenty-eight hundred miles; and thereafter till 1860 she almost doubled her mileage every five years.
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In the meantime Canada lagged behind, though in no other country were the steel bands eventually to play so important a part in creating national unity. The vision of Lord Durham first saw what the railway might do for the unification of British North America. "The formation of a railroad from Halifax to Quebec," he wrote in 1839, "would entirely alter some of the distinguishing characteristics of the Canadas." Even before this, young Joseph Howe had seen what the steam-engine might do for his native province, and in 1835 he had advocated, in a series of articles in the _Nova Scotian_, a railway from Halifax to Windsor. Judge Haliburton was an early convert; and in 1837 he makes "Sam Slick" harp again and again on the necessity of railways. "A railroad from Halifax to the Bay of Fundy" is the burden of many of Sam"s conversations, and its advantages are urged in his most racy dialect. But the world laughed at Haliburton"s jokes and neglected his wisdom. Though in 1844 the British government directed the survey of a military road to unite Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Quebec, and though in 1846 the three provinces joined to pay the expenses of such a survey, which was completed in 1848, British {93} North America was for the ten years which followed Lord Durham"s Report too busy a.s.similating his remedy of Responsible Government to have much energy left for practical affairs. But in 1848, along with the triumph of the Reformers alike in the Canadas, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, railways succeeded Responsible Government as the burning political question, and to no man did their nation-building power appeal with greater force than to Howe.
Already he had witnessed one proof of the power of steam. In 1838, in company with Haliburton, he was on his way to England on the _Tyrian_, one of the old ten-gun brigs which carried the mails, slow and uncomfortable at the best, unseaworthy death-traps in a storm. As she lay rolling in a flat calm with flapping sails, a few hundred miles from England, a smear appeared on the western horizon. The smear grew to a smudge, the smudge to a shape, and soon there steamed up alongside the _Sirius_, a steamer which had successfully crossed the Atlantic, and was now on her return to England. The captain of the _Tyrian_ determined to send his mails on board. Howe accompanied them, took a gla.s.s of champagne with the officers, and returned to the {94} brig.
Then the _Sirius_ steamed off, leaving the _Tyrian_ to whistle for a breeze. On their arrival in England, Howe and Haliburton succeeded in combining the chief British North American interests in a letter to the Colonial Office. That much-abused department showed sympathy and prompt.i.tude. Negotiations were entered into, contracts were let, and in 1840 the mails were carried from England to Halifax by the steamers of a company headed by Samuel Cunard, a prominent Halifax merchant, founder of the line which still bears his name. At once the distance from England to Nova Scotia was reduced from fifty days to twelve.
Certainty replaced uncertainty; danger gave way to comparative security. It was the forging of a real link of Empire.
A decade later Howe saw that the railway could play the same part. At this time the question was being discussed in all the provinces. Nova Scotia wished to link her harbours with the trade of the Canadian and American West and of the Gulf of St Lawrence, so as to be at least the winter port of the northern half of North America. New Brunswick wished to give to the fertile valley of the St John and the sh.o.r.es of the Bay of Fundy {95} an exit to the sea, and to unite them with the American railways by a line from St John to Portland. The need of Canada was still more pressing; between 1840 and 1850 she had completed her St Lawrence system of ca.n.a.ls, only to find them side-tracked by American railways. A line from Montreal to Windsor, opposite Detroit, became a necessity.
It is characteristic of Howe that he was at first attracted by the thought of what might benefit Nova Scotia, and that he gradually pa.s.sed from this to a great vision of Empire, in which his early idea was absorbed though not destroyed. His first speech on the subject was delivered on the 25th of March 1850, and is chiefly notable for his strong advocacy of government construction. In July a convention to discuss the matter was called at Portland, to which the Nova Scotian government sent a more or less official representative. This gathering pa.s.sed resolutions in favour of a line from Portland to Halifax through St John. But Maine and Portland had no money wherewith to build, and the British provinces could not borrow at less than six per cent, if at that. Howe had not been present at Portland, but he was the leader at an enthusiastic Halifax meeting in August, {96} which voted unanimously in favour of government construction of a line from Halifax to the New Brunswick boundary, to connect with whatever line that province should build. Later in the year he was sent by his government as a delegate to Great Britain, in the endeavour to secure an Imperial guarantee, which would reduce the interest on the money borrowed from six to three and a half per cent. It seemed a hopeless quest. Earl Grey, who at the time presided over the Colonial Office, was a strong believer in private enterprise, and was opposed to government interference. In July he had returned a curt refusal to Nova Scotia"s request. But Howe had a strong and, as the result proved, a well-founded belief in his own powers of persuasion.
His visit was a triumph, or rather a series of triumphs. Landing early in November, he had several interviews with Lord Grey, and with the under-secretary, Mr Hawes. On the 25th of November 1850 he addressed to Grey a long and forcible open letter, in which he urged the claims of Nova Scotia. A month later he was met with a refusal. But Howe knew that there were ways and means of bringing a government office to terms. He had friends in Southampton, and at once arranged with {97} them that a spontaneous request to address the citizens of that town should come to him from the city authorities. Then he wrote to Lord Grey and requested an interview. The reply came that "His Lordship will be glad to see Mr Howe on Monday." Howe"s comment in his private diary is as follows:
"Will he, though? He would be glad if I were with the devil, or on the sea with Hawes"s note [of refusal] sticking out of my pocket. We shall see. Head clears, as it always does when the tug of war approaches.