in Nature? Where are the limits of positive study? Is the carcase of a bird really a more scientific thing than its l.u.s.trous, colored plumage and its song with its subtle tones? Is the skeleton of a pretty woman more worthy of admiration than her structure of flesh and her living form? Is not the a.n.a.lysis of the mind"s emotions "scientific"? Is it not scientific to try to find out whether the mind can see to a distance, and in what manner? And then, how much reason is there in this strange vanity, that we imagine that science has told us all; that we know all there is to know; that our five senses are sufficient to appreciate the nature of the universe? From what we can make out among the forces acting about us,--attraction, heat, light, electricity,--does it follow that there may not be other forces which escape us, because we have no senses to perceive them? It is not this hypothesis which is absurd, it is the simplicity of pedants. We smile at the ideas of the astronomers, philosophers, physicians, and theologians of three centuries ago; three centuries hence, will not our successors laugh in their turn at the affirmations of those who pretend to know everything now?
The physicians to whom fifteen years ago I communicated some magnetic phenomena observed by myself during some experiments, all confidently denied the reality of the facts. I met one of them recently at the Inst.i.tute. "Oh!" said he, not without a certain wit, "then it was magnetism; now it is hypnotism, and we are studying it."
Moral. Do not deny anything as a foregone conclusion. Let us study and discover; the explanation will come later.
[Ill.u.s.tration]
I was in this frame of mind, pacing up and down my library, when my eyes chanced to fall on a pretty copy of Cicero which I had not noticed for some time. I took up a volume of it, opened it mechanically at the first page I came to, and read the following:--
"Two friends arrive at Megara and take separate lodgings; one of them has hardly fallen asleep before he sees his travelling companion beside him, telling him sorrowfully that his host has formed a plan to a.s.sa.s.sinate him, and begging him to come to his a.s.sistance as quickly as possible. The other awakes; but satisfied that he has had a bad dream, loses no time in going to sleep again. His friend appears to him again, and conjures him to hasten, because the murderers are coming to his room. More puzzled, he is astonished at the persistency of this dream, and is on the point of going to his friend; but reason and fatigue triumph, and he goes to bed again. Then his friend comes to him for the third time, pale, bleeding, disfigured. "Wretch," said he to him, "you did not come when I implored you; it is all over now. Avenge me. At sunrise you will meet a cart loaded with manure at the city gate: stop it, and order it to be unloaded; you will find my body hidden in the middle. Give me an honest burial, and pursue my murderers." So great a tenacity, such minute details, admitted of no further delay or hesitation; the friend rises, hurries to the gate mentioned, finds the wagon there, stops the driver, who is frightened; and soon after the search begins, the body of his friend is found."
[Ill.u.s.tration]
This story seemed to come expressly to strengthen my opinion in regard to the unknown quant.i.ties in the scientific problem. Doubtless hypotheses are not lacking in reply to the point in question. It may be said that perhaps the circ.u.mstance never happened as Cicero tells it, that it has been amplified and exaggerated; that two friends coming to a strange city may fear an accident, that fearing for a friend"s life after the fatigue of a journey, in the middle of the quiet night, one might chance to dream that he is the victim of an a.s.sa.s.sin. As to the episode of the cart, the travellers may have seen one standing in their host"s court-yard, and the principle of the a.s.sociation of ideas comes in to bring it into the dream. Yes, these explanatory hypotheses may be made; but they are only hypotheses. To admit that there had really been any communication between the dead man and the living one is also an hypothesis.
Are facts of this kind very rare? It seems not. I remember, among others, a story told me by an old friend of my boyish days, Jean Best, who, with my eminent friend edouard Charton, founded the _Magasin Pittoresque_ in 1883, and died a few years ago. He was a grave, cold, methodical man, a skilful typographical engraver, and a careful business man. Every one who knew him knows how little nervous he was by temperament, and how foreign to his mind were things of the imagination.
Well, the following incident happened to him when he was a child between five and six years old.
[Ill.u.s.tration]
It was at Toul, his native place. He was lying in his little bed one beautiful evening, but was not asleep, when he saw his mother come into his chamber, cross it, and go into the adjoining drawing-room, whose door was open, and where his father was playing cards with a friend.
Now, his mother was ill at Pau at that time. He at once rose from his bed and ran to the drawing-room after his mother, where he looked for her in vain. His father scolded him somewhat impatiently, and sent him back to bed again, a.s.suring him that he had been dreaming.
Then the child, thinking that he must have been dreaming, tried to go to sleep again. But some time afterwards, lying with his eyes open, he distinctly saw his mother pa.s.s him for the second time; only now he hurried to her and kissed her, and she at once disappeared. He did not want to go to bed afterwards, and remained in the drawing-room, where his father continued to play cards. His mother died at Pau the same day at that very hour.
I have this circ.u.mstance from M. Best himself, who remembered it clearly. How explain it? It may be said that, knowing his mother was ill, the child often thought of her, and had an hallucination which happened to coincide with his mother"s death. That is possible. But it may be thought, too, that there was some sympathetic link between the mother and child, and at that solemn moment the mother"s soul may really have been in communication with her child. How? one may ask. We know nothing about it. But what we do not know, is to what we know in the proportion of the ocean to a drop of water.
_Hallucinations!_ That is easily said. How many medical works have been written upon this subject! Everybody knows that of Brierre de Boismont.
Among the numberless incidents which it relates, let us cite the two following:
"Observation 84. When King James came to England at the time of the London plague, being at Sir Robert Cotton"s house in the country with old Camden, he saw, in a dream, his oldest son, who was still a child living in London, with a bleeding cross on his forehead, as if he had been wounded by a sword. Frightened at this apparition, the king began to pray; in the morning he went to Camden"s chamber and told him the events of the night; the latter rea.s.sured the monarch, telling him he had nothing to torment himself about. That very day the king received a letter from his wife announcing the death of his son, who had died from the plague. When the child appeared to his father, he had the height and proportions of a grown man.
"Observation 87. Mlle. R., a person of excellent judgment, religious, but not a bigot, lived before her marriage at her uncle"s house, D., the celebrated physician and a member of the Inst.i.tute. She was away from her mother, who was attacked by violent illness in the country. One night this young person dreamed that she saw her, pale, disfigured, very near death, and showing deep grief at not having her children with her, one of whom, the curate of a parish in Paris, had emigrated to Spain, the other being in Paris. Soon she heard herself called by her christian name several times; in her dream she saw the persons who were with her mother, thinking she called her little granddaughter, who had the same name, go into the next room for her, when a sign from the sick woman told them it was not she, but her daughter who lived in Paris, whom she wanted to see. Her face showed the grief she felt at the daughter"s absence; suddenly her features changed, the paleness of death spread over her face, and she fell back lifeless on her bed.
"The next morning Mlle. R. seemed very sad to D., who begged to know the cause of her grief. She told him all the particulars of the dream which had so greatly distressed her. D., finding her in that frame of mind, pressed her to his heart, acknowledging that the news was only too true, that her mother had just died; he did not enter into further particulars.
"A few months afterwards Mlle. R., profiting by her uncle"s absence to put in order his papers, which, like many other savants, he disliked to have touched, found a letter to her uncle relating the circ.u.mstances of her mother"s death. What was her surprise to read all the particulars of her dream!"
Hallucination! Fortuitous coincidence. Is that a satisfactory explanation? At all events, it is an explanation which explains nothing at all.
A host of ignorant persons, of all ages and trades, clerks, merchants or deputies, sceptics by temperament or habit, simply declare that they do not believe these stories, that there is nothing true about them. That also is not a very good solution of them. Minds accustomed to study cannot content themselves with so trifling a denial. A fact is a fact; we cannot refuse to admit it, even when we cannot in the present state of our knowledge explain it.
Of course medical annals acknowledge that there is really more than one kind of hallucination, and that certain nervous organizations are their dupes. But there is a wide gulf between that and concluding that all psycho-biological phenomena are hallucinations.
The scientific spirit of our century rightly seeks to free all these facts from the deceptive fogs of supernaturalism, inasmuch as nothing is supernatural, and Nature, whose kingdom is infinite, embraces everything. During the last few years a special scientific society has been organized in England for the study of these phenomena,--the Society for Psychical Research. It has at its head some of the most ill.u.s.trious savants on the other side of the Channel, and has already sent out important publications. These phenomena of sight at a distance are cla.s.sed under the general t.i.tle of Telepathy (t??e, _far_, p????, _sensation_). Rigorous inquiries are made to verify their testimony. Its variety is very great. Let us look through one of these collections[2]
together for a moment, and take out a few of the doc.u.ments which are duly and scientifically established.
In the following recently observed case, the observer was as wide awake as you and I are at this moment. It is about a certain Mr. Robert Bee, who lives at Wigan, England. Here is the curious revelation, written by the observer himself.
"On the 18th of December, 1873, my wife and I went to visit my wife"s family at Southport, leaving my parents to all appearance in perfect health. The next afternoon we were strolling on the beach, when I became so depressed that it was impossible for me to interest myself in anything whatever, so that we soon returned to the house.
"All at once my wife showed signs of great uneasiness, and said she was going to her mother"s room for a few moments. A minute afterwards I rose from my armchair and went into the drawing-room.
"A lady in walking costume came towards me from an adjacent sleeping-room. I did not notice her features, because her face was turned away from me; still, I spoke to her, and greeted her at once, but I do not remember now what I said.
"At the same time, while she was pa.s.sing before me, my wife was coming from her mother"s chamber, and walked right over the place where I saw the lady, without seeming to notice her. I said at once, in great surprise, "Who is that lady whom you just met?" "I met no one," replied my wife, still more astonished than I was. "What!" I replied, "do you mean to tell me that you did not see a lady this very minute who pa.s.sed by just where you are now? She probably came from your mother"s room, and must be now in the vestibule."
""It is impossible," she said; "there is positively no one in the house at this moment but my mother and ourselves."
"Sure enough. No strange lady had been there, and the search which we immediately began was without result.
"It was then ten minutes to eight o"clock. The next morning a telegram informed us of my mother"s sudden death from heart-disease at exactly that hour. She was then in the street, and dressed precisely like the unknown lady who had pa.s.sed in front of me."
Such is the observer"s story. The inquiries made by the Society for Psychical Research have proved its absolute authenticity and the agreement of the witnesses. It is as positive a fact as a meteorological, astronomical, philosophical, or chemical observation.
How can it be explained? Coincidence, you will say. Can a strict scientific criticism be satisfied with this word?
Still another case.
Mr. Frederick Wingfield, living at Belle-Isle en Terre (Cotes-du-Nord), writes that on the 25th of March, 1880, having gone to bed rather late, after reading a part of the evening, he dreamed that his brother, living in the county of Ess.e.x, in England, was with him; but instead of answering a question asked him, merely shook his head, rose from his chair, and went away. The impression was so strong that the narrator sprang from his bed half asleep, awaking as his foot touched the floor, and called his brother. Three days later he received news that his brother had been killed by a fall from his horse the same day, March 25th, 1880, in the evening, about half-past eight o"clock, a few hours before the dream just reported.
An inquiry proved that the date of this death was exact, and that the author of this narrative had written his dream in a diary at the very date of the event, and not afterwards.
Still another case.
"Mr. S. and Mr. L., both employed in a Government office, had been intimate friends for eight years. Monday, 19th March, 1883, L. had an attack of indigestion at his office. He went to a druggist"s, where he was given some medicine, and was told that his liver was affected. The following Thursday he was no better; Sat.u.r.day of that same week he was still absent from the office.
"On Sat.u.r.day evening, March 24th, S. was at home with a headache; he told his wife that he was too warm, which he had not been before for two months; then, after making this remark, he went to bed, and shortly after he saw his friend L. standing before him, dressed as usual. S. noticed even this particular about L."s clothes, that he had a black band on his hat, and that his coat was unb.u.t.toned; he also had a cane in his hand. L.
looked directly at S. and pa.s.sed on. S. then remembered the sentence in the book of Job, "A spirit pa.s.sed before my face; the hair of my flesh stood up."
"At that moment he felt a chill run all over his body, and felt the hair rise on his head. Then he asked his wife,"What time is it?" She replied,"Ten minutes of nine." "I asked you," he said, "because L. is dead; I have just seen him." She tried to persuade him that it was a pure illusion; but he insisted, in the most solemn manner, that nothing could induce him to change his opinion."
This is the story as told by Mr. S. He did not learn of his friend"s death until three o"clock on Sunday. L. had died on Sat.u.r.day evening at about ten minutes of nine.
[Ill.u.s.tration]
Agrippa d"Aubigne"s historical account of an occurrence at the time of the Cardinal of Lorraine"s death is somewhat like this story:--
"The king being at Avignon on December 23d, 1574, Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine, died there. The queen (Catherine de Medicis) had retired to bed earlier than usual, having at her _coucher_, among other persons of note, the king of Navarre, the archbishop of Lyons, the ladies de Retz, de Lignerolles, and de Saunes, two of whom have confirmed this report. As she was hurrying to finish her good-nights, she threw herself back on her bed with a start, put her hands over her face with a loud cry, calling to those about her for help, pointing to the cardinal at the foot of the bed, who, she said, was holding out his hand to her. She cried out several times, "M. le Cardinal, I have nothing to do with you." At the same time the king of Navarre sent one of his gentlemen to the cardinal"s house, who reported that he had died at that very minute."
In his book on "Posthumous Humanity," published in 1882, Adolphe d"a.s.sier guarantees the authenticity of the following statement, which was reported by a lady of St. Gaudens as having happened to herself:--
"It was before my marriage," she said, "and I slept with my elder sister. One night we had just put out the light and gone to bed. The fire was still burning enough to dimly light the room. Glancing at the fireplace, to my great surprise I saw a priest seated before the fire warming himself. He was a stout man, and had the form and features of an uncle of ours, a priest who lived in the suburbs. I at once spoke to my sister. The latter looked at the fireplace and saw the same apparition. She also recognized our uncle the priest. An indescribable fright took possession of us, and we both cried "help" as loud as we could. My father, who was sleeping in an adjoining room, aroused by our cries, rose in great haste, and soon came in with a lighted candle in his hand. The phantom had disappeared; we no longer saw any one in the chamber. The next day we learned by letter that our uncle the priest had died the previous evening."
[Ill.u.s.tration]
Another fact is reported by the same disciple of Auguste Comte, and sent by him while living in Rio de Janeiro.
It was in 1858. In the French colony of that city, people were still talking about a singular apparition which had taken place there a few years before. An Alsatian family, consisting of a husband, wife, and little girl, still almost a baby, sailed for Rio de Janeiro, where they were to join some compatriots living in that city. The pa.s.sage was very long, the wife was taken ill, and lacking proper care and nourishment, did not live to reach there. The day she died she fell into a swoon, remained in that state for some time, and when she recovered her senses, said to her husband, who was watching by her side, "I die happy, for now I am easy about the fate of our child. I have just come from Rio de Janeiro. I found our friend Fritz the carpenter"s house and street; he was standing at the door. I showed him our little girl; I feel sure that on your arrival he will recognize and take care of her." That very day, at the same hour, Fritz the Alsatian carpenter, of whom I have just spoken, was standing at the door of the house where he lived in Rio de Janeiro, when he thought he saw one of his compatriots going along the street with a little girl in her arms. She looked at him entreatingly, and seemed to show him the child she was carrying. Her face, notwithstanding its emaciation, reminded him of Latta, the wife of his friend and fellow-countryman Schmidt. Her expression, the singularity of her step, which seemed more like a vision than reality, struck Fritz; and wanting to be sure that he was not the victim of an illusion, he called one of his men who was working in the shop, and who was also an Alsatian from the same locality.