10 Peterson, Patriots, Pirates, and Pineys, 46.

11 NDAR, Vol. 7, 1261, Congressional Committee in Philadelphia to the Navy Board of the Middle District, February 22, 1777.

12 HSP, Gratz Collection, Central Navy Board to the Pa. Council of Safety, April 9, 1777; Pennsylvania Gazette, April 23, 1777.

13 NDAR, vol. 8, 282 John Adams to James Warren, April 6, 1777.

14 JCC, July 13, 1777.

15 Fleming, Liberty, 237-38.

16 McCullough, John Adams, 176.

17 Watson, Annals, vol. II, 283.

18 Tinkcom, "The Revolutionary City, 17651783," 132.

19 Doerflinger, Vigorous Spirit of Enterprise, 210.

20 NDAR, vol. 7, 940, Robert Morris to John Langdon, January 12, 1777.

21 JCC, July 3, 1777.

22 Quoted in Griffin, The History of Commodore John Barry, 48.

23 JCC, May 15, July 11, July 23, 1777.

24 JCC, July 24, 1777.

25 LDC, Henry Laurens to John Lewis Gervais, July 25, 1777.

26 State Historical Society of Wisconsin, William Bell Clark Estate, Central Navy Board to John Barry and Thomas Read, July 31, 1777.

27 Lancaster, The American Revolution, 173.

28 HSP, William Howe Proclamation, August 27, 1777.

29 McCullough, John Adams, 172, 173.

30 Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 99.

31 Randall, George Washington, 335-36.

32 PA Archives, vol. 3, 153-54; Keen, "The Descendants of Joran Kyn: The Founder of Upland," 485; Clark, 123.

33 Doerflinger, Vigorous Spirit of Enterprise, 210.

34 David Library (copy) and PRO, 12/40/56, "The Memorial of William Austin, late of the City of Philadelphia," April 1786.

35 Ibid.

36 Clark, Gallant John Barry, 123.

37 LOC, GWP, September 23, 1777.

38 Morgan, "John Barry," 52.

39 Watson, Annals, vol. II, 295.

40 ISM, Barry-Hayes Papers, Memorial to Congress, 1785; Barry"s Pet.i.tion to Congress, 1785, copied in Clark, Gallant John Barry (plate).

41 ISM, Barry-Hayes Papers, Barry Memorial to Pennnsylvania a.s.sembly, 1783, and Memorial to Congress, 1785; Clark, Gallant John Barry, 124.

42 Clark, Gallant John Barry, 124-25.

43 Cooper, "Sketches of Navy Men."

44 Parker, "A Biographical Sketch of John Brown," 2; Wagner, Robert Morris, 49.

45 David Library (copy), PRO, AO 12/40/56, Austin Memorial; PA Archives, vol. 3, 153-154.

46 ISM, Barry-Hayes Papers, William Austin to Sarah Barry, August 5, 1814.

47 ISM, Barry Memorial to Congress, 1785. Barry"s Pet.i.tion to Congress, 1785, copied in Clark, Gallant John Barry (plate).

48 Marine Committee Letter-Book, 103, NA, September 26, 1777; NDAR, vol. 9, 969.

49 Jackson, The Pennsylvania Navy 1775-1781, 121.

50 Tinkcom, "The Revolutionary City, 17651783," 132.

51 Jackson, The Pennsylvania Navy 1775-1781, 122.

52 Watson, Annals, vol. II, 282-283.

53 ISM, Barry-Hayes Papers, John Barry to Congress, January 10, 1778.

54 Pennsylvania Evening Post, October 16, 1777.

55 Montresor, "Journal," 42.

56 Jackson, Pennsylvania Navy 1775-1781, 124.

57 Miller, Sea of Glory, 247.

58 NDAR, vol. 9, 976, Continental Navy Board of the Middle District to Governor William Livingston, September 28, 1777.

59 Lancaster, The American Revolution, 179-180.

60 LOC, GWP, Washington to Continental Congress Navy Board, October 27, 1777, 147.

61 ISM, Barry to Congress, January 10, 1778.

62 Miller, Sea of Glory, 248-249; Cooper, History of the Navy of the United States of America, 69.

63 Jackson, Delaware Bay, 20, 21.

64 Smith would recover and find himself, thirty-seven years later, commanding American defenses at Baltimore during the British attack on Fort McHenry, the inspiration behind "The Star-Spangled Banner."

65 Jackson, Delaware Bay, 21; Miller, Sea of Glory, 250.

66 Brands, The First American, 542.

67 Quoted in Clark, Gallant John Barry, 125.

68 LOC, GWP, Washington to Continental Congress Navy Board, October 27, 1777.

69 LOC, GWP, Barry to Washington, October 27, 1777; JCC, November 4, 1777.

70 LOC, GWP, Washington to Navy Board, October 27, 1777.

71 ISM, Barry to Congress, January 10, 1778.

72 Ibid.

73 HSP, Etting Papers, Navy Board to Barry, November 2, 1777.

74 ISM, Barry to Congress, January 10, 1778.

75 Ibid.

76 Ibid.

77 Ibid.

78 Ibid.

79 Ibid.

80 Ibid.; Clark, Gallant John Barry, 129.

81 Montresor, "Journal," 55.

82 ISM, Barry to Congress, January 10, 1778.

83 Prince, The Autobiography of a Yankee Mariner, ed. Crawford, 104.

84 Ibid.

85 HSP, Etting Papers, November 2, 1777.

86 ISM, Barry to Congress, January 10, 1778.

87 Ibid.

88 Ibid.

89 Ibid.

90 Ibid.

91 Hastings, The Life and Works of Francis Hopkinson, 223.

92 ISM, Barry to Congress, January 10, 1778.

93 HSP, Christopher Marshall Diaries, November 7-9, 1777.

94 ISM, Barry to Congress, January 10, 1778; Montresor, "Journal," 56.

95 ISM, Barry to Congress, January 10, 1778.

96 Ibid.

97 King with Hattendorf and Estes, A Sea of Words, 301.

98 ISM, Barry to Congress, January 10, 1778.

99 Ibid.; LOC, GWP, Washington to Navy Board, November 12, 1777.

100 Montresor "Journal," 193; Miller, Sea of Glory, 251; Van Powell, The American Navies of the Revolutionary War, 64.

101 Clark, Gallant John Barry, 133.

102 Hastings, The Life and Works of Francis Hopkinson, 268-273.

103 Ibid.

104 LOC, Marine Committee to Navy Board, January 1, 1778; Clark, Gallant John Barry, 134. LOC, GWP, Washington to Navy Board, November 29, 1777.

105 NDAR, vol. 10, 598-601.

106 NDAR, vol. 10, 601-602.

107 HSP, Society of Small Collections, Cadwalader to Washington, November 1777.

108 LDC, Morris to Marine Committeee, December 19, 1777; Clark, Gallant John Barry, 135.

109 Continental Navy Board to Marine Committee, December 13, 1777.