60 Ibid.; Everett, "John Barry, Fighting Irishman," 23.

61 ISM, Barry"s Defence of the Raleigh, 1778 62 Ibid.

63 Ibid.

64 Ibid.

65 Ibid.

66 Chappelle, The American Sailing Navy, 76.

67 King with Hattendorf and Estes, A Sea of Words, 355.

68 ISM, Barry"s Defence of the Raleigh, 1778.

69 Ibid.

70 Ibid.

71 Ibid.

72 Cooper, History of the Navy of the United States of America, 79.

73 Ibid.; PRO, Admiralty, 331/1017, Captain"s Journal, Experiment.

74 ISM, Barry"s Defence of the Raleigh, 1778.

75 Pennsylvania Packet, October 22, 1778.

76 PRO, 56/1021, Captain"s Journal, Unicorn, September 27, 1778.

77 ISM, Barry"s Defence of the Raleigh, 1778.

78 Clark, Gallant John Barry, 165.

79 King with Hattendorf and Estes, A Sea of Words, 396.

80 Wilbur, Pirates and Patriots of the Revolution, 74, 71.

81 Cooper, The History of the Navy of the United States of America, 79.

82 ISM, Barry"s Defence of the Raleigh, 1778.

83 Ibid.

84 PRO, Admiralty, 51/107, Captain"s Journal, Unicorn.

85 ISM, Barry"s Defence of the Raleigh, 1778.

86 Ibid.; PRO, Admiralty, 51/107, Captain"s Journal, Unicorn.

87 ISM, Barry"s Defence of the Raleigh, 1778.

88 "Bowles"s New Pocket Map of the Most Inhabited Part of NEW ENGLAND"; Map of the New England Coast, American Revolutionary Org. NC 9, p. 22, Chapter IX.

89 ISM, Barry"s Defence of the Raleigh, 1778.

90 PRO, Admiralty Records, Captain"s Journal, Experiment, September 27, 1778.

91 Pennsylvania Evening Post, October 19, 1778.

92 ISM, Barry"s Defence of the Raleigh, 1778; PRO Admiralty, 51/107, Captain"s Journal, Unicorn.

93 Ibid. Pennsylvania Evening Post, October 19, 1778.

94 ISM, Barry"s Defence of the Raleigh, 1778; PRO, Admiralty Records, Captain"s Journal, Experiment, September 27, 1778.

95 ISM, Barry"s Defence of the Raleigh, 1778.

96 Ibid.

97 Pennsylvania Evening Post, October 19, 1778.

98 ISM, Barry"s Defence of the Raleigh, 1778; Pennsylvania Packet, October 19, 1778; Everett, "John Barry, Fighting Irishman," 25.

99 ISM, Barry"s Defence of the Raleigh, 1778.

100 ISM, Barry"s Defence of the Raleigh, 1778; PRO, Admiralty, 51/107, Captain"s Journal, Unicorn, September 28, 1778; 51/331, Captain"s Journal, Experiment, September 28, 1778.

101 ISM, Barry"s Defence of the Raleigh, 1778.

102 Ibid.

103 Clark, Gallant John Barry, 169.

104 PRO, Admiralty, 51/107, Captain"s Journal, Unicorn, September 28, 1778.

105 Ibid.

106 ISM, Barry"s Defence of the Raleigh, 1778; PRO, Admiralty, 51/107.

107 ISM, Barry"s Defence of the Raleigh, 1778; Clark, Gallant John Barry, 170.

108 LOC, GWP, George Washington to the Continental Congress, October 14, 1778; Pennsylvania Packet, October 22, 1778.

109 Pennsylvania Packet, October 20, 1778.

110 Ibid.; LOC, GWP, Washington to Continental Congress, October 14, 1778.

111 ISM, Barry"s Defence of the Raleigh, 1778; Pennsylvania Packet, October 22, 1778.

112 ISM, Barry"s Defence of the Raleigh, 1778. A review of the records on both sides would put the total of Americans killed at about fifteen.

113 Pennsylvania Packet October 22, 1778 ISM, Barry Memorial to Congress, 1785.

114 LDC, Marine Committee to Eastern Navy Board, October 15, 1778. One wonders if there may have been at least a faint coat of whitewash applied by the Navy Board and the subsequent inquiry, especially regarding Barry"s decisions made before the battle and at its end. His error in thinking that Wallace had given up the chase was monumental. Naval historian Craig Symonds points out that Barry"s a.s.signing the Raleigh"s torching to a young, untested midshipman lacked foresight. When one recalls that Barry and another captain personally sabotaged the brigantine Nancy two years earlier, one wonders why he left Jeac.o.c.ks in charge of destroying a much more valuable prize-a frigate-in the first place.

115 Chappelle, The American Sailing Navy, 84-85; Gurn, Commodore John Barry, 116.

116 LDC, Marine Committee to Eastern Naval Board, October 25, 1778; Clark, Gallant John Barry, 171.

117 PRO, Admiralty, HCA, 32/436/10, October 14, 1778.

118 Pennsylvania Packet, November 10, 1778.

CHAPTER NINE: PRIVATEER AND JUDGE.

1 Tinkcom, "The Revolutionary City, 17651783," 143-144.

2 Watson, Annals, vol. II, 300.

3 Pennsylvania Packet, June 3, 1778.

4 Pennsylvania Packet, October 8, 1778.

5 Doerflinger, Vigorous Spirit of Enterprise, 210-212; Watson, Annals, vol. II, 302-303.

6 DNA, William Burley collection, Robert Morris to William Bingham; Doerflinger, Vigorous Spirit of Enterprise. 203.

7 Doerflinger, Vigorous Spirit of Enterprise, 210.

8 Tinckom, "The Revolutionary City, 17651783," 146.

9 Fowler, Rebels Under Sail, 69-70.

10 ISM, Barry-Hayes Papers, Memorial to the Pennsylvania a.s.sembly, 1783, and to Congress, 1785; quoted in Clark, Gallant John Barry, 172.

11 LDC, Marine Committee to Barry, November 20, 1778.

12 JCC, November 10, 1778.

13 Ibid.

14 LDC, Henry Laurens to Benjamin Lincoln, November 24, 1778.

15 Ibid.

16 JCC, December 2, 1778.

17 ISM, Barry-Hayes Papers, Expense Report, March 1776-December 1781.

18 HSP, Bank of North America Papers, Morris to William Hooper, January 24, 1777.

19 NDAR, vol. 7, 368-369, Robert Morris to William Bingham, December 4, 1776.

20 NDAR, vol. 7, 205-206, John Langdon to Robert Morris, November 19, 1776.

21 Fowler, Rebels Under Sail, 245.

22 NDAR, vol. 7, 543-544, Benjamin Rush to Richard Henry Lee, December 21, 1776.

23 Fairburn, Merchant Sail, vol. I, 389.

24 Ibid.

25 JBP, 5-141, William B. Clark Estate, "Shipping Order, Brigantine Delaware," 1779; Pennsylvania Packet, June 5, 1779.

26 HSP, Minutes, "The Society for the Relief," January 1779.

27 Pennsylvania Gazette, February 17, 1779; Clark, Gallant John Barry, 176.

28 Pennsylvania Gazette, February 17, 1779.

29 From Clark, Gallant John Barry, 176; PA Archives, Record Group 27, Supreme Executive Council"s Register of Letters of Marque, 1778-1782, February 15, 1779.

30 David Library of the American Revolution, Sol Feinstone Collection, Matthew Clarkson to Barry, February 13, 1779.

31 JBP, NY 5-141, Clark Estate, "Shipping Order, Brigantine Delaware," 1779.

32 Archives, Archdiocese of Philadelphia, February 15, 1779.

33 PA Archives, Record Group 27, Supreme Executive Council"s Register of Letters of Marque, 1778-1782, February 15, 1779; Clark, Gallant John Barry, 177.

34 Pennsylvania Packet, June 5, 1779.

35 DNA, Marine Committee to Eastern Naval Board, June 21, 1779; NYHS, Barnes Collection, Shipping order, Brigantine Delaware, July, 1779; PA Archives, Series 2, vol. I, p. 367.

36 Owners" Instructions, Brig Delaware, quoted in Clark, Gallant John Barry, 178.

37 Kessler, "Life of John Kessler," 1.

38 Haverford College Library (HCL), Charles Roberts Autograph Collection, Barry to Irwin, July 16, 1779.