52 Ibid, John Barry to David Barry, December 6, 1792.

53 Morison, John Paul Jones, 430, 459.

54 Thomas, John Paul Jones, 302; Morison, John Paul Jones, 467, 305, 474.

55 Callo: John Paul Jones, 176; Morison, John Paul Jones, 475-479, 473.

56 HSP, Dreer, Wm. Bingham to Barry, June 17, 1791.

57 JBP, Hodgkinson to Barry, no date.

58 ISM, Barry-Hayes Papers, various correspondences; John Barry"s will, 1803; National Archives, Census Records, 1790.

59 McCullough, John Adams, 444, 443; Ellis, 222; Flexner, Washington, 286.

60 McCullough, John Adams, 444; Flexner, Washington, 289; Ellis, His Excellency: George Washington, 222.

61 Jefferson"s Works, vol. X11, p. 348, quoted from Griffin, The History of Commodore John Barry, 290.

62 Biddle, Autobiography of Charles Biddle, 252.

63 Ibid.

64 Miller, "The Federal City, 1783-1800," 180, 181; Niderast, "Capital in Crisis," 68.

65 Ferguson, Truxton of the Constellation, 95.

66 Millick, "The Wages of Blackness," 163-164.

67 LCOP, Benjamin Rush Ledgers.

68 Ferguson, Truxton of the Constellation, 95; Niderast, "Capital in Crisis," 68; Biddle, Autobiography of Charles Biddle, 256.

69 Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 449.

70 Miller, "The Federal City, 1783-1800," 185; Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 450.

71 Niderast, "Capital in Crisis," 70.

72 Biddle, Autobiography of Charles Biddle, 256, 257.

73 Ibid., 188; McCullough, John Adams, 447; Flexner, Washington, 304.

74 Flexner, Washington, 294-295, 312, 305.

75 Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 453; Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, 360; McCullough, John Adams, 447.

76 Fowler, Jack Tars and Commodores, 16; McCullough, John Adams, 449; Flexner, Washington, 309.

77 LOC, Barry Collection, Patrick Hayes to Mr. a.s.surellen, April 25, 1793.

78 David Humphreys to Washington, quoted in Fowler, Jack Tars and Commodores, 16.

79 Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 455, 459; Wood, Live Oaking, 24.

80 Washington"s address to Congress December 3, 1793, quoted in Fowler, Jack Tarsand Commodores, 17.

81 Humphreys, "Who Built the First United States Navy," 386-387.

82 Chappelle, The American Sailing Navy, 63-65.

83 Ibid.

84 Ibid.

85 Chappelle, The American Sailing Navy, 119; Fowler, Jack Tars and Commodores, 18.

86 Fowler, Jack Tars and Commodores, 18, 20; Chappelle, The American Sailing Navy, 118, 117.

87 Ibid., 118; National Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Americans, Vol. 2 (Philadelphia, 1836), unnumbered page.

88 Fowler, Jack Tars and Commodores, 18.

89 Smelser and Powers, "The Fleetless Nation," 39.

90 Ibid., 40.

91 Humphreys, "Who Built the First United States Navy," 390; Chappelle, The American Sailing Navy, 120.

92 JBP, Barry to Washington, March 19, 1794.

93 JBP, Nicholson to Barry, January 27, 1794 94 JBP, Porter to Barry, March 15, 1794.

95 John Hopkins to Barry, quoted in Clark, Gallant John Barry, 366-367.

96 Fowler, Jack Tars and Commodores, 22; Fowler, Silas Talbot, 100-101.

97 JBP, Barry to Nicholson, June 24, 1794.

98 Ibid. ISM, Barry-Hayes Papers, Anstis Doyle to John Barry, March 20, 1794.

99 LOC, JCC, June 3, 1794, Senate Executive Journal.

100 ISM, Barry-Hayes Papers, Knox to Barry, June 5, 1794.

101 New York Public Library, Ford Collection, Barry to Knox, June 6, 1794.

CHAPTER NINETEEN: THE United States.

1 Samuel Nicholson to John Barry, June 14, 1793, quoted from Griffin, The History of Commodore John Barry, 293; JBP, Barry to Nicholson, June 25, 1794.

2 Barney, ed., Biographical Memoir of the Late Commander Joshua Barney, 182-186.

3 Fowler, Jack Tars and Commodores, 23.

4 ISM, Barry-Hayes Papers, Knox to Barry, August 7, 1794.

5 Fowler, Jack Tars and Commodores, 22; Smelser, The Congress Founds the Navy, 73.

6 JBP, July 1, 1794. ISM, Barry-Hayes Papers, Knox to Barry, August 7, 1794; NYHS, Barnes, Barry to Knox, June 7, 1794; HSP, Knox to Humphreys, July 24, 1794.

7 Humphreys, "Who Built the First United States Navy," 389; Chappelle, The American Sailing Navy, 120-121; Westlake, "Josiah Fox: Gentlemen, Quaker, Shipbuilder," 317.

8 ISM, Barry-Hayes Papers, Knox to Barry, August 7, 1794.

9 Fowler, Jack Tars, 42.

10 JBP, Barry to Butler, September 10, 1794.

11 JBP, Margaret Howlin to Barry, August 6, 1794.

12 Fowler, Jack Tars and Commodores, 24.

13 LOC, ASP, 1:8; Barry, Dale, and Truxton to Knox.

14 Wood, Live Oaking, 4, 16; Muir quoted on 6.

15 Fowler, Jack Tars and Commodores, 25; Wood, Live Oaking, 28; NYHS, Barnes, Barry to c.o.xe, November 10, 1794.

16 Fowler, Jack Tars and Commodores, 25; Wood, Live Oaking, 26.

17 HSP, Humphreys Letterbook, Morgan to Humphreys, August 30, 1794.

18 Tench c.o.xe to John Barry, October 3, 1794, quoted in Griffin, The History of Commodore John Barry, 300-301; Pennsylvania Gazette, October 8, 1794; JBP, Barry to c.o.xe, November 10, 1794; Wood, Live Oaking, 10.

19 JBP, Barry to c.o.xe, November 10, 1794; HSP, Humphreys Letterbook, Morgan to Humphreys, October 21, 1794.

20 JBP, Barry to c.o.xe, November 10, 1794; HSP, Roberts Collection, Humphreys to Barry, October 30, 1794.

21 "Copy of a letter from Captains Barry, Dale, and Truxton, to the Secretary of War, dated Philadelphia, December 18, 1794," from Griffin, The History of Commodore John Barry, 306-308; HSP, Humphreys Letterbook, December 20, 1794; National Archives, Joshua Humphreys Wastebook, 11, 1794-4, 1795.

22 LOC, GWP, Diary of George Washington, Vol. VI, 215.

23 JBP, Barnes, Morgan to Barry, December 29, 1794.

24 Wood, Live Oaking, 29.

25 HSP, Humphreys to Morris, 1793; King with Hattendorf and Estes, A Sea of Words, 174, 223.

26 HSP, Etting Collection, Nicholson to Barry, January 19, 1795.

27 JBP, Barry to Pickering, February 9, 1795; Flexner, Washington, 328; Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 471.

28 JBP, Rossiter to Barry, May 1795.

29 HSP, Gratz Collection, William Austin to Barry, April 22, 1795.

30 LCOP, Benjamin Rush Ledger Book, April 20, 1795, May 4, 1795, May 12, 1795, Benjamin Rush Papers, "On Asthma"; JBP, Rossiter to Barry, May 1795; HSP, Letterbook Joshua Humphreys; Clark, Gallant John Barry, 376.

31 Flexner, Washington, 329; McCullough, John Adams, 456, 457; New London Courant-Gazette, June 18, 1795; Wood, Live Oaking, 27.

32 JBP, Barry Expenses, 10, 1795. Westlake, p. 319.

33 Wood, Live Oaking, 30; Naval Doc.u.ments Related to the Barbary Wars ("NDBW"), vol. I, p. 80.

34 Wood, pps. 30-31; American State Papers, Naval Affairs, vol. 1, 17-21; Chappelle, The American Sailing Navy, 123; Fowler, Jack Tars and Commodores, 24.

35 JBP, Barry to Pickering, August 19, 1795.

36 Flexner, Washington, 335-337, 343-344.

37 NDBW, Vol. I, 122-124.

38 Ibid., 121-122.

39 HSP, Humphreys Correspondence, July 14, 1797; Fowler, Jack Tars and Commodores, 26.

40 NDBW, Vol. I, p. 127; Symonds, Navalists and Antinavalists, 40; Smelser, Congress Founds the Navy, 78.

41 Balinsky, "Albert Gallatin," 298-299; Symonds, Navalists and Antinavalists, 40-41, 46-47; NDBW, Vol. I, 150, 156; Smelser, Congress Founds the Navy, 82-83; JBP, James McHenry to Barry, May 16, 1796.

42 NDBW, vol. I, 124; Clark, Gallant John Barry, 379.

43 NDBW, Vol. I, 176; NYHS, Barnes, May 63, Barry to Truxton, May 22, 1796; Stein, The Life and Correspondence of James McHenry 181-182.

44 De Kay, A Rage for Glory, 16-17.

45 ISM, Barry-Hayes Papers Patrick Hayes and Sarah Barry correspondence 17971802; Barry Family Tree from Clark, Gallant John Barry, Appendix.

46 Pennsylvania Gazette, March 9, 1796.

47 JBP, Barry to McHenry, September 19, 1796.