44 Christman, Adventurous Pursuits, 60; Smith, The Empress of China, 152.

45 Ferguson, Truxton of the Constellation, 75.

46 Smith, The Empress of China, 153; ISM, China Memorandum.

47 Smith, The Empress of China, 153; ISM, China Memorandum.

48 Ferguson, Truxton of the Constellation, 83, 76; ISM, China Memorandum.

49 ISM, China Memorandum.

50 Christman, Adventurous Pursuits, 73.

51 Library Company of Philadelphia, Benjamin Rush Commonplace Book, 17921813, June 30, 1789.

52 Christman, Adventurous Pursuits, 73.

53 Lee, Philadelphia and the China Trade; Smith, The Empress of China, 40, 41; Hawes, To the Farthest Gulf, 23.

54 ISM, China Memorandum.

55 LOC, Asia Letterbook, various correspondence, January 1-8, 1789.

56 Ibid.

57 Ibid.

58 ISM, Barry-Hayes Papers, Auction Booklet for John Barry Auction, New York, 1939.

59 Ferguson, Truxton of the Constellation, 83; Christman, Adventurous Pursuits, 74, 59; NYHS, Barnes Collection, Peter Hodgkinson to Barry, no date; Hawes, To the Farthest Gulf, 17.

60 Christman, Adventurous Pursuits, 60, 65. Earlier, when a salute was fired from a British ship, a Chinese worker was killed. The viceroy ordered that the gunner be turned over to Canton authorities. The British refused. Mandarin soldiers then went to the British Hong and seized a supercargo as a hostage. Further, they recalled every comprador, hong, and linguist from all western ships and factories. Business came to a dead stop. Shaw spoke out on behalf of the British to representatives from the other western nations, believing that a show of unity would convince the viceroy to return the supercargo and rescind his request for the gunner"s arrest. His argument fell on deaf ears: the Danes, Dutch, and French, fearing an end to trade, would not hear of it. The British exchanged the unfortunate gunner for their supercargo. Skipping a trial, the Chinese went right to a public execution, and the gunner was strangled. Ibid., 60-61.

61 Ibid., 66.

62 Hawes, To the Farthest Gulf, 19; Christman, Adventurous Pursuits, 60.

63 Quoted from Clark, Gallant John Barry, 347; NYHS, Barnes Collection, Josiah to Barry, September 25, 1788.

64 Haverford College, Roberts Collection, Josiah to Barry, August 24, 1788.

65 Ferguson, Truxton of the Constellation, 84.

66 Christman, Adventurous Pursuits, 31; Hawes, To the Farthest Gulf, 26.

67 Hawes, To the Farthest Gulf, 41.

68 Ferguson, Truxton of the Constellation, 84.

69 JBP, Josiah to Barry, September 25, 1788.

70 JBP, Josiah to Barry, November 29, 1788.

71 HSP, Gratz Collection, Josiah to Barry, October 9, 1788.

72 LOC, Letterbook, Asia, November 22, 1788.

73 JBP, Shipping Notice, December 26, 1788.

74 ISM, Barry and Truxton Bond and Grand Chop, January, 1789.

75 LOC, Letterbook Asia.

76 Ferguson, Truxton of the Constellation, 84-85.

77 Christman, Adventurous Pursuits, 77; Smith, The Empress of China, 202.

78 ISM, Lee, Philadelphia and the China Trade; Smith, The Empress of China, 202.

79 ISM, Barry and Truxton Bond and Grand Chop, January, 1789; Smith, The Empress of China, 202.

80 Hawes, To the Farthest Gulf, 35.

81 Portuguese officials were as ignorant of worldly affairs as they were of what went on in their own backyard. At a dinner in 1787, the Portuguese governor inquired how the war between England and her American colonies was going. ISM, Hayes Journal.

82 Ibid.

83 Lee, Philadelphia and the China Trade; Smith, The Empress of China, 41; LOC, Letterbook Asia.

84 LOC, Letterbook Asia, Barry to McCall, Lewis & Company, January 27, 1789.

85 Ibid.; Clark, Gallant John Barry, 350; Ferguson, Truxton of the Constellation, 82.

86 Pennsylvania Gazette, June 6, 1789; Library Company of Philadelphia, Benjamin Rush Papers, Correspondence Book 1789-91.

87 Ferguson, Truxton of the Constellation, 86; Clark, Gallant John Barry, 350.

88 Christman, Adventurous Pursuits, 77.

CHAPTER EIGHTEEN: FIRST AMONG CAPTAINS.

1 JBP, Barry to William Austin, October 30, 1790.

2 Rowe, "Judicial Tyrant and Vox Populi," 55-57.

3 LCOP, Benjamin Rush Papers, Ledger entries, 1779-1790; Journals, 1784-1791.

4 LCOP, Benjamin Rush Papers, Commonplace Book, 1789-1791.

5 Philadelphia Independent Gazette, June 5, 1789.

6 Doerflinger, A Vigorous Spirit of Enterprise, 285.

7 Pennsylvania Packet, August 12, 1789; Clark, "James Josiah, Merchant Mariner," 470; NYHS, Barnes Collection, John Barry to James Corish, January 2, 1792.

8 JBP, Barnes, Francis to Barry, November 22, 1790.

9 LOC, GWP, Washington to Barry, July 6, 1789.

10 JBP, PNP, February 18, 1790; Barry to William Austin, 10, 1791.

11 JBP, Barry Correspondence, August 6, 1789.

12 "Extracts from the diary of Jacob Hiltzheimer," 171; Smith, Lee, Philadelphia and the China Trade, 64.

13 HSP, Hibernian Society Notebook; ISM, Const.i.tution of the Hibernian Society for the Relief of Emigrants from Ireland, 1790; Griffin, The History of Commodore John Barry, 284.

14 ISM, NYHS, various correspondences, 1790-1801.

15 LCOP, Benjamin Rush Ledger, 1779-1790; Journal, 1784-1791.

16 Freeman"s Journal, July 24, 1788.

17 HSP, Commodore Barron to J. F. Watson, December 17, 1825; Griffin, The History of Commodore John Barry, 264.

18 Watson, Annals, vol. II, 339.

19 Griffin, The History of Commodore John Barry, 264.

20 ISM, Barry-Hayes Papers, Barry to Nicholson, March 9, 1790.

21 From Griffin, The History of Commodore John Barry, 283; MacLay, ed., Journal of William MacLay, 224; ISM, Barry to James Nicholson, March 6, 1790.

22 Brands, The First American, 710.

23 Gurn, Commodore John Barry, 288.

24 LCOP, Jefferson to Rush, October 3, 1803.

25 MacLay, Journal of William MacLay, 259.

26 NYHS, Captain Thomas Hartley to Captain Barry in care of Major Samuel Nicholson, June 25, 1790.

27 James Nicholson to Barry, June 25, 1790, quoted in Clark, Gallant John Barry, 356.

28 Flexner, Washington, 237.

29 JBP, John Francis to Barry, November 22, 1790.

30 LCOP, Rush Ledger.

31 JBP, Francis to Barry, November 22, 1790.

32 Ibid.

33 JBP, Barry to Austin, 10, 1791; Clark, Gallant John Barry, 360.

34 McCullough, John Adams, 436-37; Clark, Gallant John Barry, 358-359.

35 LOC, Barry Collection, Letterbook, Asia.

36 LCOP, Benjamin Rush, Papers, Ledger and Journal Books, 1784-1791.

37 HSP, Benjamin Rush Collection, Asthma Ma.n.u.script.

38 See Mathew Pratt"s portrait of John Barry; Clark, Gallant John Barry, 360.

39 DeKay, A Rage for Glory, 11.

40 Ferguson, Truxton of the Constellation, 89-90.

41 JBP, Barry to Rossiter, March 10, 1793.

42 David Porter to Barry, quoted from Clark, Gallant John Barry, 362.

43 ISM, Barry-Hayes papers, Barry to Harding, March 9, 1790.

44 Lee, Smith, Philadelphia and the China Trade, 30.

45 Keen, "Descendants of Joran Kyn," 494.

46 JBP, Barry to William Austin, October 30, 1790.

47 Doerflinger, A Vigorous Spirit of Enterprise, 285; Miller, "The Federal City, 17831800," 177.

48 JBP, Barry to Corish, January 21, 1792.

49 JBP, Barry to Austin, October 30, 1790.

50 JBP, Seagrove to Barry, July 7, 1792.

51 JBP, Barry to Corish, January 21, 1792.