39 Calendar of Patent Rolls; Duchy of Lancaster Records: PL.3; Goodman: John of Gaunt. All that remains today of Rothwell Castle is a pillar of rubble that once formed part of a rectangular building, and the buried foundations of a range of lodgings. The castle was largely dismantled before 1497, when a timber-framed house was built on the site. This was demolished in 1977.

40 Register of the Guild of the Holy Trinity 41 Trokelowe; Walsingham 42 An English Chronicle 43 Froissart 44 Ibid.

45 Calendar of Entries in the Papal Registers 46 Duchy of Lancaster Records: DL.28. I am indebted to Professor Goodman for sending me this reference.

47 John of Gaunt"s Register 48 Perroy: Diplomatic Correspondence 49 Froissart 50 Goodman: John of Gaunt 51 Froissart 52 Ibid.

53 Goodman: John of Gaunt 54 Duchy of Lancaster Records: DL.28. Again, I am grateful to Professor Goodman for this reference.

55 Walsingham 56 Goodman: John of Gaunt; Dictionary of National Biography 57 Calendar of Entries in the Papal Registers 58 Walsingham; Capgrave 59 Some writers incorrectly identify her as Philippa de Coucy, the granddaughter of Edward III and widow of Robert de Vere, Duke of Ireland, but Froissart says that of all the French ladies there, only the Lady de Coucy accompanied Isabella, for there were many of the princ.i.p.al ladies of England present, including the d.u.c.h.ess of Ireland, i.e. Robert de Vere"s widow.

60 Scarisbrick 61 Froissart 62 Stow: London 63 Foedera 64 Chronicles of London 65 Goodman: Katherine Swynford; Monstrelet 66 Calendar of Close Rolls 67 Froissart 68 Jones and Underwood 69 Rotuli Parliamentorum; Armitage-Smith 70 Strictly speaking, the Beauforts were not "mantle children", for they had not been born to single parents who subsequently married, but were the fruits of an adulterous relationship.

71 Rotuli Parliamentorum; Given-Wilson; Lindsay; Calendar of Patent Rolls; Jones and Underwood; Foedera; Walsingham 72 Rotuli Parliamentorum 73 Lindsay; Brooke-Little; Scott-Giles. A plate showing John Beaufort"s arms before and after his legitimation is in Given-Wilson. The Beaufort yale badge was not introduced until 1435.

74 Jones and Underwood; Dictionary of National Biography; Percy MS. 78, cited by Armitage-Smith 75 Calendar of Close Rolls; Calendar of Patent Rolls; Somerville; Harriss; Suss.e.x Feet of Fines 76 Calendar of Patent Rolls; Goodman: John of Gaunt 77 Duchy of Lancaster Records: PL.3 78 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; Harriss 79 Emden 80 Calendar of Patent Rolls 81 Leeds Central Library MS. GC DL/3 f.14v; Armitage-Smith 82 Loftus and Chettle; Perry; Dugdale: Monasticon 83 Rickert 84 Chancery Records: C.61 85 Froissart 86 Ibid.

87 Ibid.

88 Calendar of Patent Rolls 89 Froissart 90 For Richard II"s proceedings against the former Appellants, see, for example, Eulogium; Monk of Evesham; Walsingham; McKisack; Lindsay; King; Froissart; Schama; Armitage-Smith; Williams; Palmer: England, France and Christendom; Tuck; Foedera; Chronicque de la traison et mort de Richart Deux.

91 Goodman: John of Gaunt 92 Froissart 93 Ibid.

94 Rotuli Parliamentorum; Walsingham; Adam of Usk; Calendar of Patent Rolls; Calendar of Close Rolls 95 Complete Peerage 96 Eulogium; An English Chronicle 97 Goodman: John of Gaunt 98 Rotuli Parliamentorum 99 Walsingham 100 Rose; Walsingham; Calendar of Patent Rolls. On the 14th, by way of reward, Richard granted John some of Arundel"s forfeited property. Calendar of Patent Rolls 101 Ibid.

102 Norfolk Record Office, Norwich, MS. 15171 103 Rotuli Parliamentorum; Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; Chronicles of the Revolution 104 The date is usually given as 1399, but that cannot be correct, for by then, John of Gaunt was dying. Circ.u.mstantial evidence strongly suggests that these doc.u.ments date to 1398.

105 Calendar of Close Rolls; Tuck 106 Walsingham 107 Chronicles of London; Saul 108 Goodman: John of Gaunt 109 Ibid.

110 B.L. Harley MS. 3988, ff.39r40d 111 Calendar of Patent Rolls 112 Rotuli Parliamentorum; Calendar of Patent Rolls 113 Duchy of Lancaster Records: PL.3 114 Walsingham; Armitage-Smith; Calendar of Entries in the Papal Registers; Harriss; Emden; McHardy; B.L. Arundel MS. 68, f.19v; Lambeth Palace Library MS. 20, f.171v; Handbook of British Chronology; Perry and Overton 115 Foedera; Armitage-Smith; Calendar of Doc.u.ments Relating to Scotland; Rotuli Scotiae 116 Chancery Records: C.53 117 Rotuli Parliamentorum; Calendar of Patent Rolls; Chronicque de la traison et mort de Richart Deux; Goodman: John of Gaunt 118 Froissart 119 Ibid.

120 Calendar of Patent Rolls 121 Rotuli Scotiae 122 Armitage-Smith 123 Chancery Records: C.61; Calendar of Patent Rolls 124 Armitage-Smith; Chronicque de la traison et mort de Richart Deux; Walsingham; Eulogium; Froissart; Rotuli Parliamentorum; Monk of Evesham; Chronique du religieux de Saint-Denys 125 Froissart 126 Ibid.

127 Calendar of Patent Rolls; Harvey: "Catherine Swynford"s Chantry"; Froissart 128 "Inventories of Plate"; Wickenden; Lincoln Cathedral Dean and Chapter Muniments MS. Bj/2/10, f.12r 129 Calendar of Patent Rolls 130 Ibid.; Complete Peerage 131 Calendar of Patent Rolls 132 Froissart. Mowbray went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem and died of plague at Venice, on his way homewards.

133 Ibid.

134 Wyntoun 135 Bevan 136 Calendar of Patent Rolls 137 There persists to this day a false tradition that John of Gaunt died at Ely Place in London. This derives from Leland: Collectanea (although in his Itinerary Leland states that John died at Leicester), and of course Shakespeare. (See Lane; Norwich) 138 Wyntoun 139 "The Kirkstall Chronicle"; Eulogium 140 Gascoigne; the original MS. of his treatise is in Lincoln College, Oxford; Goodman: John of Gaunt 141 Calendar of Patent Rolls 142 Plantagenet Encyclopaedia 143 Goodman: Honourable Lady; John of Gaunt; Fowler: "On the St Cuthbert Window"; Sharman 144 Sharman 145 Froissart; Vale; Kirby; Goodman: John of Gaunt 146 Testamenta Eboracensia 147 Lincoln Cathedral Dean and Chapter Muniments; Wickenden; "Inventories of Plate"

148 John of Gaunt"s will is dated 3 February 1398, but in view of the mediaeval legal calendar, which ended on 25 March, the year should read 1399. The best text of the will is preserved at York; see Testamenta Eboracensia. A contemporary copy is in Bishop Buckingham"s Register at Lincoln, but this bears the incorrect date of 1397, an error that has often been copied. The will was published by Nichols (A Collection of all the Wills . . .) in 1780. The Latin text is reproduced by Armitage-Smith, and an English translation is given by Silva-Vigier. See Post, for the dating of the will.

149 For Margaret Marshal, d.u.c.h.ess of Norfolk, his cousin, from whom he had purchased these items.

150 Goodman: Honourable Lady 151 Calendar of Patent Rolls; Norwich Public Library MS. NRS 11061 152 The date is given by Walsingham as 3 February, the date of the will, and the date on which the Duke"s obit was celebrated at St Paul"s (Dugdale). Duchy of Lancaster Records: DL.28; Post 153 Norris 154 Testamenta Eboracensia. The less-reliable Lincoln text says "unembalmed".

155 Walsingham; Armitage-Smith; Harriss; Lucraft: Katherine Swynford; Calendar of Patent Rolls; Froissart; Radford; Cook: "Chaucerian Papers"

156 This stood on the site of the Church of St John the Baptist, first built c.1400.

157 Cited by Duffy; Post; Testamenta Eboracensia; Walsingham; Adam of Usk 158 Testamenta Eboracensia 159 Calendar of Close Rolls; Calendar of Patent Rolls; St Paul"s Cathedral MSS.

160 Duffy 161 Duchy of Lancaster Records: DL.28 162 Froissart 163 Duchy of Lancaster Records: DL.28; Post 10 "The King"s Mother"

1 Complete Peerage; Chancery Records: C.81; Special Collections: S.C.8 2 Rotuli Parliamentorum; Somerville; McKisack 3 Froissart; Rose; Goodman: John of Gaunt 4 Calendar of Close Rolls. I have found no other record of the lands Katherine held in Leicester, Northamptonshire and Norfolk prior to her marriage to John of Gaunt.

5 Calendar of Patent Rolls 6 A Collection of All the Wills . . .

7 Now No. 2, Minster Yard. Lincoln Cathedral Dean and Chapter Muniments, Dean and Chapter Acts, Liber VI (i), ff.2, 3; Major; Jones, Major, Varley and Johnson 8 These measurements cannot have been taken very accurately as the remains of the mediaeval hall measure 44" by 26".

9 For the Priory, see Jones, Major, Varley and Johnson; Major; Silva-Vigier; Pevsner and Harris; Jones: Four Minster Houses; Calendar of Patent Rolls.

10 Early Lincoln Wills. His name is also given as Peter Dalton.

11 Goodman: Katherine Swynford 12 Special Collections: S.C.8; Exchequer Records: E.403; Calendar of Patent Rolls 13 Chronicque de la traison et mort de Richart Deux 14 Trokelowe 15 Goodman: Katherine Swynford 16 Calendar of Patent Rolls; Chute; Lucraft: Katherine Swynford 17 Calendar of Patent Rolls 18 Crow and Olsen 19 He was also required to surrender the Warwick lands to the King. Rotuli Parliamentorum 20 Calendar of Patent Rolls; Exchequer Records: E.28 21 Calendar of Patent Rolls 22 Lucraft: Katherine Swynford 23 The site is now occupied by the Henry VII Chapel.

24 The date usually given for Chaucer"s death, 25 October 1400, was inscribed on the Tudor tomb, and may well have been copied from the original epitaph plate that was displayed in the Abbey. Chaucer"s bones were uncovered in 1889 when Robert Browning was buried in Poet"s Corner, and the coroner then estimated that he had been about 5"6"" tall. There are no grounds for accepting recent a.s.sertions that he was murdered on the orders of Henry IV ( Jones: Who Murdered Chaucer).

25 Goodman: Honourable Lady; Calendar of Patent Rolls; Exchequer Records: E.28 26 Goodman: Katherine Swynford. Perry suggests that the reference was to Sir Norman Swynford, but this is unlikely in view of evidence from the Exchequer Records that will shortly be cited in the text.

27 Bruce; Wylie; Beltz 28 Calendar of Patent Rolls; Given-Wilson: Royal Household 29 Duchy of Lancaster Records: DL.42 30 Duchy of Lancaster Records: DL.29 31 Blomefield and Parkin; Lucraft: Katherine Swynford; Perry 32 Norris 33 Goodman: Redoubtable Countess Joan; Historiae Dunelmensis Scriptores Tres 34 Duchy of Lancaster Records: DL.42, DL.49 35 Exchequer Records: E.101; Calendar of Close Rolls 36 Calendar of Patent Rolls; Calendar of Close Rolls 37 Ibid.

38 Archaeological Journal, x.x.xI, London, 1874 39 Foedera 40 In 1406, Isabella married Charles of Valois, Duke of Orleans. She died in childbirth in 1409.

41 Calendar of Patent Rolls 42 Harriss; McGrath 43 Calendar of Close Rolls 44 Walsingham 45 Duchy of Lancaster Records: DL.28 46 Calendar of Patent Rolls; Harriss 47 Rotuli Parliamentorum; Trokelowe; Walsingham 48 Exchequer Records: E.404, E.101; Goodman: Marriage of Henry IV 49 Calendar of Patent Rolls 50 Ibid.; Calendar of Close Rolls 51 Complete Peerage; Desiderata Curiosa; Lincoln Cathedral Dean and Chapter Muniments, Chapter Acts A.ii.29, ff.2, 3 52 Harvey: "Catherine Swynford"s Chantry"

53 Duffy 54 Duchy of Lancaster Records: DL.29, DL.42 55 Lucraft: "Missing From History"; Katherine Swynford; Goodman: Katherine Swynford. The Prerogative Court of Canterbury records are in the National Archives.

56 Lincoln Cathedral Dean and Chapter Muniments, Bj.2.10 57 Goodman: Redoubtable Countess Joan; Historiae Dunelmensis Scriptores Tres 58 Lincoln Cathedral Dean and Chapter Muniments; Jones, Major, Varley and Johnson; Weir: English Aristocratic Pedigrees 59 Wickenden 60 Calendar of Patent Rolls; Goodman: Katherine Swynford 61 Calendar of Patent Rolls; Excerpta Historica 62 Lucraft: "Missing From History"; Katherine Swynford; A Collection of All the Wills . . . ; Jamieson. The hospital was demolished in 1825.

63 Leese; Lambeth Palace MS. 20, f.173v; A Collection of All the Wills . . .

64 Hicks 65 Duffy; A Collection of All the Wills . . .

66 Harriss, for example.

67 Calendar of Entries in the Papal Registers; Cartae et Munimenta de Glamorgan; www.rootsweb.com;Verity: "A Non-Affair to Remember". Joan married Sir Edward Stradling of St Donat"s, Glamorganshire (13891453), by whom she had a son, Henry.

68 Vale. The portrait is in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.

69 Calendar of Patent Rolls; Calendar of Close Rolls 70 Calendar of Patent Rolls 71 Worcestre 72 Dictionary of National Biography 73 Goodman: Redoubtable Countess Joan; Perry 74 Chronicles and Memorials of St Edmund"s Abbey; Leese; Antiquarian Repertory 75 Lucraft: Katherine Swynford; Armitage-Smith; Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; Goodman: Redoubtable Countess Joan. The book that Thomas Hoccleve dedicated to Joan is Cosin MS.V.iii.9 at Durham University.

76 Historiae Dunelmensis Scriptores Tres 77 Calendar of Patent Rolls; Harvey: "Catherine Swynford"s Chantry"; "Inventories of Plate"; Goodman: Redoubtable Countess Joan; Given-Wilson; Collections Relative to . . . the Diocese of York 78 Harvey: "Catherine Swynford"s Chantry"; Goodman: Redoubtable Countess Joan 79 Goodman: Redoubtable Countess Joan 80 Duffy; Sandford; Harvey: "Catherine Swynford"s Chantry"; A Collection of All the Wills . . .; Goodman: Katherine Swynford. Her arms were noted around 1600 by Francis Thynne, Lancaster Herald.

81 The Neville Book of Hours is in the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris.

82 Goodman: Redoubtable Countess Joan 83 www.english.upenn.edu 84 English Historical Doc.u.ments 85 Griffiths and Thomas 86 Perry; Goodall 87 Foedera 88 Perry 89 Calendar of Patent Rolls; Manly: Some New Light on Chaucer; Excerpta Historica 90 Hunter 91 Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem 92 Cole. Thomas Beaufort left him 50 marks (7,076) in his will.

93 Campling 94 Elder 95 Calendar of Patent Rolls 96 Excerpta Historica 97 Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem 98 Cole 99 Ibid.

100 For Kettlethorpe, see www.kettlethorpe.com; Leese; Perry; Goodman: John of Gaunt; Katherine Swynford; Cole; 101 Silva-Vigier; Lucraft: "Missing From History"

102 The epitaph was recorded by Weever. The Latin inscription was recorded by Anthony Munday in 1618, in his extended edition of Stow"s Survey of London.

103 Exchequer Records: E.301; Dugdale: History of St Paul"s 104 Holland 105 B.L. Lansdowne MS. 874, f.115 106 Benham 107 Dugdale: History of St Paul"s 108 Sandford 109 Ibid.; Duffy 110 Arnold 111 Leland: Itinerary 112 Dugdale: Book of Monuments 113 Harvey: "Catherine Swynford"s Chantry"; Duffy; Goodman: Katherine Swynford 114 Duchy of Lancaster Records: DL.43 115 John Evelyn, the seventeenth-century diarist, noted that "the soldiers had lately knocked off most of the bra.s.ses from the gravestones".

116 Kendrick: Cathedral Church of Lincoln 117 Dugdale: Monasticon. A drawing of the repositioned tombs was made in 1809 by John Buckler (B.L. Additional MS. 36369, f.87), which is reproduced in Harvey: "Catherine Swynford"s Chantry".

118 Lincoln Cathedral Dean and Chapter Muniments, AIV 15; Jones, Major, Varley and Johnson 119 Payn Roet"s epitaph in St Paul"s Cathedral, cited by Silva-Vigier Appendix: Anya Seton"s Katherine 1 The Austin Chronicle 2 Goodman: John of Gaunt 3 Cantor 4 The date is sometimes incorrectly given as 1904 or 1916.

5 Anya Seton"s personal papers are held in the archives of the Historical Society of the Town of Greenwich, and biographical details of her appear on many internet sites; of these, I am indebted chiefly to "The Setons: The Setons at Home", by Lucinda H. MacKethan of North Carolina State University (www.nhc.rtp.nc.us:8080).

6 BBC: The Big Read 7 "National Review Online" (www.nationalreview.com)

Acknowledgements

I should like to express my warmest grat.i.tude to various people who have helped with this book. To Anthony Goodman, our finest late-mediaeval historian, for his a.s.sistance with references and original doc.u.ments; I am also indebted to him for his two booklets, Katherine Swynford and Honourable Lady or She-Devil?, and his magnificent collection of essays on John of Gaunt, which have all proved profoundly useful. To Dr Nicholas Bennett, Librarian of Lincoln Cathedral Library, and his wife Carol for their kindness in welcoming me to the library, making available various sources, and arranging a visit to the Priory, where Katherine Swynford lived towards the end of her life. To Roger Joy, founder of the Katherine Swynford Society and a walking authority on Katherine, for generously sharing his knowledge with me, and for sending me his unpublished articles. To Patricia McLeod and the staff of Sutton Library for their efforts in tracking down numerous books and articles. To Abigail Bennett of the University of York, for translating into English numerous texts in mediaeval Latin. To Andrew Barr and his team at The National Trust East Midlands Regional Office. To the staff at Lincoln Central Library for their a.s.sistance in locating books.

I am indebted also to the many people who have published information about Katherine on the internet, foremost amongst whom is Judy Perry, who has been researching her subject for over twenty-five years.

My grat.i.tude to my editors for commissioning this book is acknowledged separately, in the Introduction, but I should also like to express it here on account of their unflagging enthusiasm, their sensitive insights and their illuminating input. I wish also to thank my inspirational and ever-supportive agent, Julian Alexander, and all the people at Random House who have helped to create this book.

Lastly, I wish to thank my family and friends, who have all cheerfully put up with me while the book was being written. And to Rankin, my husband thanks for all the wonderful meals, and just for being there.

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Francis Green, Cambrian Archaeological a.s.sociation, London, 1927) Selected Internet Websites "British History Online"

Dougla.s.s, Sarah: "Katherine Swynford" (www.sarahdougla.s.s.com) "The History and Antiquities of the County of Buckingham" (met.open.ac.uk) "The John of Gaunt Connection" (www.swynford.force9.co.uk) Joy, Roger: "The Katherine Swynford Society" (beehive.thisislincolnshire.co.uk) "Katherine by Anya Seton" (ivmoores.com) "Katherine Swynford" (www.livinghistory.co.uk) "Katherine Swynford" (www.middle-ages.org.uk) "Katherine Swynford" (en.wikipedia.org) "Kettlethorpe, Lincolnshire, England: Home of Katherine Swynford" (www.kettlethorpe.com) "National Review Online" (www.nationalreview.com) Perry, Judy: "Judy Perry"s Katherine Swynford Coat of Arms" (www.geocities.com) Perry, Judy: "Katherine Swynford" (katherineswynford.blogspot.com) Perry, Judy: "Katherine Swynford" (members.c.o.x.net).

"The Setons" (www.nhc.rtp.nc.us:8080).

ALSO BY ALISON WEIR.

Non-fiction.

Britain"s Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy.

The Six Wives of Henry VIII The Princes in the Tower Lancaster and York: The Wars of the Roses.

Children of England:.

The Heirs of King Henry VIII 1547-1558 Elizabeth the Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine.

Henry VIII: King and Court Mary Queen of Scots.

and the Murder of Lord Darnley Isabella: She-Wolf of France, Queen of England.

Fiction.

Innocent Traitor.

The Lady Elizabeth.